Imaging caspase activation during radiotherapy of cancer. Caspase 3 activation in 4T1 tumors as detected by a caspase 3 reporter. Left panels depict the structure of a proteasome-based caspase 3 reporter (top left) and its principle of action (lower left). Right panels showed caspase 3 activities in 4T1 tumors transduced with the control, as well as caspase reporter genes. The difference between the control and caspase 3 reporter groups are significant at days 3, 5, and 7 (P < 0.01, n = 5, t test). Error bars, SEM.