Fig. 2.

a Micro-computed tomography was utilized to image the chinchilla nasal cavity in a sagittal (left panel) or coronal plane (right panel) with nasoturbinates, ethmoid turbinates, and the nasopharynx indicated by yellow arrows. b, c Tissues from the chinchilla upper and lower airways were homogenized, proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and viperin (b, c, top panel) was detected by immunoblot. Membranes were then stripped of antibodies and incubated with antisera directed against GAPDH as a control for loading of equal amounts of protein (b, c, bottom panel). d (top panel) Chinchilla nasopharyngeal epithelial cells were grown in vitro at an air-liquid interface to induce polarization and cellular stratification. Cultures were fixed, embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and incubated with a monoclonal antibody directed against viperin. Sections were then incubated with a secondary anti-mouse antibody conjugated to AlexaFluor 488 (green) and counterstained with DAPI to stain DNA (blue). d (bottom panel) HE-stained serial section of d (top panel) showing ciliated epithelial cells and goblet cells. Viperin was produced by ciliated epithelial cells in every airway tissue evaluated.