TABLE 1.
Descriptive Statistics for Italy and Spain: Means or Percents (standard deviations)
| Italy
|
Spain
|
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Natives | 1st generation | 2nd Generation | Mixed couples | Natives | 1st generation | 2nd Generation | Mixed couples | ||
| Family background | |||||||||
| Parental educational level (%) | ISCEDa 1 | 1.3 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 0.6 | 9.7 | 10.4 | 11.2 | 5.7 |
| ISCED 2 | 23.2 | 15.3 | 22.5 | 16.9 | 20.6 | 16.7 | 23.6 | 14.2 | |
| ISCED 3b/c | 6.2 | 7.2 | 3.8 | 5.9 | 2.7 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 2.8 | |
| ISCED 3a/4a | 37.0 | 37.8 | 29.1 | 38.9 | 23.6 | 28.9 | 18.7 | 27.6 | |
| ISCED 5b | 5.8 | 8.5 | 7.5 | 8.9 | 12.5 | 10.6 | 11.9 | 15.5 | |
| ISCED 5a/6 | 26.6 | 24.8 | 30.7 | 28.9 | 30.9 | 32.3 | 33.7 | 34.2 | |
| Home possessions index | Min (−6.9) | 0.1 | −0.8 | −0.6 | 0.0 | −0.1 | −0.8 | −0.4 | −0.1 |
| Max (3.7) | (0.8) | (0.8) | (0.9) | (0.8) | (0.8) | (0.7) | (0.8) | (0.8) | |
| Parental occupational status | Min (16) | 47.6 | 35.3 | 40.8 | 47.6 | 45.9 | 38.1 | 44.2 | 47.2 |
| Max (90) | (16.3) | (12.6) | (17.8) | (15.9) | (17.0) | (14.4) | (17.0) | (16.1) | |
| Family structure (%) | Nuclear | 88.8 | 79.0 | 85.6 | 84.8 | 87.3 | 76.3 | 78.4 | 75.9 |
| Single parent family | 11.2 | 21.0 | 14.4 | 15.2 | 12.7 | 23.7 | 21.6 | 24.1 | |
| Language (%) | Survey country | 88.7 | 22.3 | 54.9 | 87.4 | 97.6 | 70.5 | 71.6 | 95.9 |
| other | 0.2 | 63.5 | 27.5 | 3.3 | 1.3 | 29.1 | 27.6 | 3.8 | |
| Missing | 11.2 | 14.2 | 17.5 | 9.2 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.4 | |
| School characteristics | |||||||||
| School ownership (%) | Public | - | - | - | - | 66.9 | 82.2 | 75.8 | 71.0 |
| Private | - | - | - | - | 33.1 | 17.8 | 24.2 | 29.0 | |
| Track | General | 46.2 | 16.3 | 33.0 | 43.9 | - | - | - | - |
| Technical | 29.7 | 26.5 | 26.5 | 31.8 | - | - | - | - | |
| Vocational | 23.4 | 41.7 | 35.5 | 23.0 | - | - | - | - | |
| Lower Sec | 0.6 | 15.5 | 5.1 | 1.3 | - | - | - | - | |
| Controls | |||||||||
| Gender | Female | 49.3 | 48.5 | 43.9 | 49.1 | 49.5 | 51.6 | 51.9 | 53.4 |
| Age | Min (15.3) | 15.7 | 15.7 | 15.7 | 15.7 | 15.9 | 15.8 | 15.8 | 15.8 |
| Max (16.3) | (0.3) | (0.3) | (0.3) | (0.3) | (0.3) | (0.3) | (0.3) | (0.3) | |
| None | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Class proportion immigrant | All | (0.1) | (0.3) | (0.1) | (0.1) | (0.1) | (0.1) | (0.1) | (0.1) |
| School socioeconomic composition | Min (22.5) | 47.2 | 41.9 | 46.2 | 47.2 | 45.4 | 43.1 | 44.2 | 46.1 |
| Max (71.6) | (8.4) | (7.6) | (9.2) | (8.6) | (8.9) | (6.2) | (7.6) | (8.5) | |
| School community | Village | 1.2 | 2.8 | 3.5 | 1.2 | 4.4 | 1.6 | 4.9 | 2.9 |
| Small town | 15.4 | 21.3 | 15.8 | 18.1 | 27.9 | 20.1 | 27.0 | 23.1 | |
| Town | 52.0 | 44.2 | 35.5 | 51.7 | 33.4 | 37.1 | 35.5 | 35.1 | |
| City | 23.1 | 23.2 | 27.0 | 19.6 | 26.4 | 26.5 | 16.3 | 27.3 | |
| Large city | 8.3 | 8.5 | 18.2 | 9.4 | 7.9 | 14.8 | 16.4 | 11.6 | |
| Country | |||||||||
| Sample | |||||||||
| Share | 88.5 | 4.0 | 1.3 | 6.3 | 84.4 | 8.4 | 1.0 | 6.2 | |
| N | 25,989 | 1130 | 340 | 2114 | 19,182 | 1,677 | 250 | 1,490 | |
Source: PISA, 2009
Note: All estimates based on final sampling weights. Standard errors are in parentheses and are based on replicate sampling weights.
a
ISCED = International Standard Classification of Education