Table 3. Unadjusted and adjusted linear regression coefficients for the association between SES and WC and WHR by gender—Ribeirão Preto Cohort Study, 1978/79 and 2004/06.
| n | Mean (s.d.) | Unadjusted coefficient (95% CI) (Model 1)a | P for trend | Adjusted coefficient (95% CI) (model 2)b | P for | Adjusted coefficient (95% CI) (model 2)c | P for trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WC (cm) | ||||||||
| Women | ||||||||
| Childhood SES | <0.001 | 0.195 | 0.16 | |||||
| Low (1.6–2.4) | 315 | 78.3 (12.1) | Referent | Referent | Referent | |||
| Medium (3.2–4.4) | 275 | 77.5 (12.0) | −0.77 (−2.64; 1.10) | −0.23 (−2.20; 1.73) | −0.44 (−2.42; 1.54) | |||
| High (6.4–12.8) | 267 | 74.4 (10.3) | −3.85 (−5.73;−1.97) | −1.38 (−3.56; 0.80) | −1.51 (− 3.72; 0.70) | |||
| P for gender interaction | <0.001 | 0.011 | 0.016 | |||||
| Adult SES | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| Low (2.1–4.4) | 378 | 78.8 (13.2) | Referent | Referent | Referent | |||
| Medium (4.7–13.7) | 343 | 77.0 (13.2) | −1.75 (−3.45;−0.06) | −1.45 (−3.37; 0.46) | −1.41 (−3.35; 0.53) | |||
| High (13.9–20) | 256 | 73.1 (9.2) | −5.64 (−7.48;−3.80) | −5.51 (−7.74;−3.28) | −5.62 (−7.93;−3.31) | |||
| P for gender interaction | <0.001 | 0.005 | 0.004 | |||||
| Men | ||||||||
| Low (1.6–2.4) | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.015 | |||||
| Medium (3.2–4.4) | 268 | 86.2 (11.0) | Referent | Referent | Referent | |||
| High (6.4–12.8) | 293 | 87.4 (11.4) | 1.2 (−0.71; 3.12) | 1.26 (−0.77; 3.29) | 1.00 (−1.02; 3.03) | |||
| Low (1.6–2.4) | 273 | 89.3 (12.2) | 3.15 (1.20; 5.09) | 3.29 (1.08; 5.50) | 2.73 (0.49; 4.96) | |||
| P for gender interaction | <0.001 | 0.011 | 0.016 | |||||
| Adult SES | 0.499 | 0.519 | 0.387 | |||||
| Low (2.1–4.4) | 301 | 87.5 (12.2) | Referent | Referent | Referent | |||
| Medium (4.7–13.7) | 288 | 87.5 (11.8) | −0.04 (−1.94; 1.85) | −0.88 (−2.99; 1.22) | −1.04 (−3.13; 1.06) | |||
| High (13.9–20) | 344 | 88.1 (11.1) | 0.61 (–1.20; 2.42) | −0.74 (−2.89; 1.40) | −0.99 (−3.14; 1.17) | |||
| P for gender interaction | <0.001 | 0.005 | 0.004 | |||||
| WHR | ||||||||
| Women | ||||||||
| Childhood SES | <0.001 | 0.003 | 0.003 | |||||
| Low (1.6–2.4) | 315 | 0.773 (0.062) | Referent | Referent | Referent | |||
| Medium (3.2–4.4) | 275 | 0.763 (0.063) | −0.01 (−0.020;−0.001) | −0.007 (− 0.017; 0.004) | −0.007 (−0.017; 0.004) | |||
| High (6.4–12.8) | 267 | 0.743 (0.057) | −0.03 (−0.040;−0.020) | −0.017 (−0.029;−0.006) | −0.018 (−0.029;−0.006) | |||
| P for gender interaction | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |||||
| Adult SES | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| Low (2.1–4.4) | 378 | 0.776 (0.061) | Referent | Referent | Referent | |||
| Medium (4.7–13.7) | 343 | 0.76 (0.064) | −0.015 (−0.024;−0.006) | −0.012 (−0.022;−0.002) | −0.010 (−0.020;−0.001) | |||
| High (13.9–20) | 256 | 0.736 (0.051) | −0.04 (−0.050;−0.031) | −0.032 (−0.044;−0.021) | −0.029 (−0.041;−0.017) | |||
| P for gender interaction | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.016 | |||||
| Men | ||||||||
| Childhood SES | 0.083 | 0.029 | 0.098 | |||||
| Low (1.6–2.4) | 268 | 0.852 (0.058) | Referent | Referent | Referent | |||
| Medium (3.2–4.4) | 292 | 0.856 (0.059) | 0.004 (−0.006; 0.013) | 0.004 (−0.006; 0.014) | 0.003 (−0.008; 0.013) | |||
| High (6.4–12.8) | 273 | 0.861 (0.058) | 0.009 (−0.001; 0.019) | 0.012 (0.001; 0.024) | 0.009 (−0.002; 0.021) | |||
| P for gender interaction | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |||||
| Adult SES | 0.295 | 0.09 | 0.084 | |||||
| Low (2.1–4.4) | 301 | 0.86 (0.062) | Referent | Referent | Referent | |||
| Medium (4.7–13.7) | 287 | 0.857 (0.06) | −0.002 (−0.011; 0.008) | −0.005 (−0.015; 0.006) | −0.005 (−0.015; 0.006) | |||
| High (13.9–20) | 344 | 0.855 (0.056) | −0.005 (−0.014; 0.004) | −0.009 (−0.020; 0.001) | −0.010 (− 0.020; 0.001) | |||
| P for gender interaction | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.019 | |||||
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; SES, socioeconomic status; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio.
a
Unadusted model (Model 1 (childhood SES or adult SES)).
b
Mutually adjusted model (Model 2=Model 1 for childhood SES+Model 1 for adult SES).
c
Fully adjusted model (Model 3=Model 2+health behaviours+birthweight). Health behaviours include total calorie intake, percent fat in diet, alcohol consumption, smoking and physical activity.