Table 1.

Keratinocyte responses during re-epithelialization vs. markers of EMT.^a

Hallmarks of keratinocytes in wound healing	Refs.	Hallmarks of tumor cells in EMT	Refs.
Growth factor responses
EGF/TGF-α ↑	[18–20]	EGF ↑	[32–34]
TGF-β ↑	[21, 22]	TGF-β ↑	[35, 36]
KGF ↑	[26]	KGF ↑	[53]
IGF1 ↑	[23]	IGF1 ↑	[44–47]
HGF ↑	[24, 25]	HGF ↑	[43]
PDGF ↑	[27, 28]	PDGF ↑	[37–42]
TNFα ↑	[18]	TNFα ↑	[48–52]
CCN2, 4 ↑; CCN 3, 5 ↓	[30, 31]	CCN1, 4, 6 ↑; CCN 2, 3, 5 ↓	[54–58]
Signaling pathways
ERK1,2/JNK/p38 MAPK ↑	[59]	ERK1,2/JNK/p38 MAPK ↑	[67, 68]
ERK5 ↑	[7]	ERK5 ↑	[71–73]
PI3K/Akt/mTOR ↑	[61]	PI3K/Akt/mTOR ↑	[69, 70]
RhoA ↑	[64–66]	RhoA ↑	[74]
GSK3β ↓	[63]	GSK3β ↓	[75, 76, 78]
Transcriptional/post-transcriptional regulation
c-Fos ↑	[59, 109, 110]	c-Fos ↑	[82, 111]
β-catenin ↑	[80, 81]	β-catenin ↑	[82, 83]
Snail (Snail1) ↔	[85]	Snail (Snail1) ↑	[90–94]
Slug (Snail2) ↑	[7, 84, 87–89]	Slug (Snail2) ↑	[86]
Smad3/4 ↑	[21, 97, 98]	Smad 3/4	[32, 94, 99, 100]
Twist ↑	[108]	Twist ↑	[101, 102]
Lef-1 ↑	[19]	Lef-1 ↑	[82, 103]
Not reported		Ets-1 ↑	[104, 105]
Not reported		Zeb-1 ↑	[91, 106]
Not reported		FOXC2 ↑	[107]
MicroRNA	[112, 113]	MicroRNA	[114–116]
Not reported		miR-200/Zeb-1 feedback loop	[157]
Cellular/extracellular matrix interactions
Gap junctions
Connexins (Cx26, Cx43) ↓	[117]	Connexins (Cx26, Cx43) ↓	[118]
Desmosomes
Desmoglein 1 ↓	[119]	Desmoplakin ↓	[86, 120, 121]
Desmoglein 2 ↑		Desmoglein ↓
Desmoglein 1 ↑		Plakoglobin ↓
Desmoglein 3 ↓
Hemidesomsomes
α6β4 integrin ↔	[122, 123]	α6β4 integrin ↓	[124]
Adherens junctions
E-cadherin ↓	[119]	E-cadherin ↓	[74, 82, 83, 101]
Tight junction
ZO-1 ↔	[131]	ZO-1 ↓	[126]
Occludins ↔		Occludins	[133]
Claudin 1 ↔		Claudin 1 ↓	[134, 135]
Coxsackie-adenovirus receptor ↔ or ↑	[132]	Coxsackie-adenovirus receptor ↓	[94]
Enhanced focal adhesions (increased interaction with fibronectin and vitron ectin)
Integrin ↑: αVβ6, α2β1, α3β1, α5β1	[136, 137]	Integrin ↑: αVβ6, α5β1, β4	[124, 138]
Integrin ↓: αVβ5	[136]
Other
Not expressed		N-cadherin ↑	[129, 130, 158]
Scribble ↔	[156]	Not reported
Matrix metalloproteinases
MMP-1 (collagenase 1), −3 (stromelysin 1) ↑	[151–153]	MMP-1 (collagenase 1), −3 (stromelysin 1) ↔/↑	[104, 147, 154]
MMP-2 (gelatinase A), −9 (gelatinase B), −13 (collagenase 3), −14 (MT1-MMP) ↑	[139–144]	MMP-2 (gelatinase A), −9 (gelatinase B), −13 (collagenase 3), −14 (MT1-MMP) ↑	[92, 104, 145–150]

^aLight gray shading indicates actual of potential differential responses between keratinocyte wound healing and tumor EMT.