Figure 2. Phase II Antioxidant and Detoxification Response Stimulated by DR.

Model of the Phase II Response in which GSH and NADPH act as co-factors to maintain a reduced cellular environment and remove toxic xenobiotics and metabolites. Phase II Response effectors upregulated by DR and/or DR mimetics are shown in green. Pro-oxidant and toxic molecules are shown in red. GSH= reduced glutathione, GS= glutathione synthetase, GSSG= oxidized glutathione, GR= glutathione reductase, GPx= glutathione peroxidase, GST= glutathione transferase, GCL= glutamate cysteine ligase, NQO1= NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone 1), Trx= thioredoxin, TrxR= thioredoxin reductase, HO-1= Heme Oxygenase 1, G6PD= glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6PGD= 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, CoQH₂= coenzyme Q₁₀, MRP= multidrug resistance protein, (r)= reduced, (o)= oxidized