Table 1. Summary of the three noninvasive loading models.

Loading model	Limb tested	Stimulated bone types	Animals used	Physiological?	Complications	References
Four-point bending	Tibia	Cortical	Rat and mouse	No	Woven bone at loading points	Akhter et al.9; Silva and Brodt10
Cantilever bending	Tibia	Cortical	Mouse	No	Limited strain range	Gross et al.11
Axial compression	Tibia	Cortical and trabecular	Mouse	Yes		De Souza et al.12 Fritton et al.13
	Fibula		Mouse			Moustafa et al.14
	Ulna		Rat and mouse			Kotha et al.15; Lee et al.16; Torrance et al.17