Table 3.

Numerical data of outcomes of the included studies.

	Outcomes measured
Author, year	Numerical data of outcomes (difference before and after treatment; mean, SD)
	Treatment group/control group
Chen, 2010 [15]	Outcomes measured: UAER, FBG, SCR UAER: −71.2, 58.29/−49.7, 63.42; FBG: −0.66, 1.33/−0.48, 1.2; SCR: −3.6, 8.02/−2.7, 8.37
Chu, 2010 [16]	Outcomes measured: UAER, FBG, BUN, SCR UAER: −58.5, 24.16/−37.2, 21.4; FBG: −4, 0.36/−3.4, 0.46; BUN: −1.9, 1.45/−1.1, 1.25; SCR: −31, 18.53/−16.7, 30.22
Han, 2008 [17]	Outcomes measured: UAER, SCR, BUN UAER: −68.75, 30.92/−34.72, 44.30; SCR: −1.83, 17.04/0.59, 12.49; BUN: −1.39, 1.95/0.72, 2.10
Huang et al., 2006 [18]	Outcomes measured: UAER, FBG UAER: −30.56, 28.27/−0.69, 48.61; FBG: −1.6, 1.42/−2.4, 2.12
Li and Han, 2010 [19]	Outcomes measured: UAER, SCR UAER: −41.2, 30.81/−6.5, 34.13; SCR: 13.9, 9.91/20.77, 9.0
Li et al., 2007 [20]	Outcomes measured: UAER, SCR, FBG UAER: −68.1, 54.12/2.7, 72.8; SCR: −14.5, 18.07/−7, 19.02; FBG: −0.32, 1.25/−0.19, 0.98
P. Y. Lu, 2005 [21]	Outcomes measured: UAER, SCR, BUN, FBG, PBG UAER: −25.24, 4.02/−1.31, 3.83; SCR: −4.6, 24.15/−4.99, 29.97; BUN: −1.1, 3.07/−1.03, 2.88; FBG: −3.7, 4.15/−3.24, 3.49; PBG: −4.7, 3.85/−3.95, 2.92
J. Lu, 2005 [22]	Outcomes measured: UAER, FBG, high shear viscosity, low shear viscosity, plasma viscosity UAER: −84.37, 71.37/−2.07, 83.93; FBG: −0.12, 1.33/0.31, 0.94; high shear viscosity: −2.43, 0.92/−0.12, 0.94; low shear viscosity: −2.15, 1.08/−0.51, 1.18, plasma viscosity: −0.48, 0.33/−0.03, 0.46.
Qiu, 2006 [23]	Outcomes measured: UAER, SCR, BUN, FBG, PBG, plasma viscosity UAER: −26.20, 8.80/3.90, 13.28; SCR: −9.94, 27.83/−6.41, 32.24; BUN: −0.48, 2.83/−0.2, 2.87; FBG: −3.01, 3.71/−3.34, 3.98; PBG: −6, 4.71/−5.34, 5.11, plasma viscosity: −0.48, 0.30/−0.14, 0.40.
Quan, 2003 [24]	Outcomes measured: UAER, SCR, BUN, FBG, PBG, low shear viscosity, high shear viscosity UAER: −25.21, 4.03/−2.00, 3.84, SCR: −4.6, 24.66/−5, 30.02; BUN: −1.09, 3.07/−1.05, 2.88; FBG: −3.48, 3.63/−3.23, 3.32; PBG: −4.9, 3.87/−4.99, 2.85; low shear viscosity: −2.88, 1.41/−0.44, 1.46; high shear viscosity: −1.43, 0.72/−0.6, 1.33
Tian, 2009 [25]	Outcome measured: UAER UAER: −81.9, 35.27/−9.8, 36.18
Wang, 2005 [26]	Outcomes measured: UAER, SCR, BUN, FBG, PBG UAER: −24.1, 11.17/0.42, 9.14; SCR: 0.4, 13.21/2.2, 13.79; BUN: −0.2, 1.47/−0.4, 1.93; FBG: −0.1, 1.57/−0.1, 1.15; PBG: 0.2, 1.48/−0.2, 1.25
Wang, 2004 [27]	Outcomes measured: UAER, FBG UAER: −29.9, 21.38/−5.2, 22.69; FBG: −0.5, 1.25/−0.5, 0.95
Zhang, 2009 [28]	Outcomes measured: UAER, SCR, BUN, FBG UAER: −44.46, 23.65/−8.08, 26.13; SCR: 1.77, 11.75/2.44, 12.18; BUN: −0.7, 1.43/0.11, 1.80; FBG: −0.65, 2.04/−1.42, 2.15
Zhang, 2007 [29]	Outcomes measured: UAER, FBG UAER: −77.9, 35.76/−1.8, 37.5; FBG: −2.22, 1.23/−2.14, 1.20
Zhang et al., 2006 [30]	Outcomes measured: low shear viscosity, high shear viscosity, plasma viscosity Low shear viscosity: −0.88, 1.58/−0.03, 1.61; high shear viscosity: −0.35, 0.59/−0.04, 0.60; plasma viscosity: −0.16, 0.22/−0.02, 0.24.

UAER: urinary albumin excretion ratio; SCR: serum creatinine; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; FBG: fasting blood-glucose; PBG: postprandial blood gluco.