Table 2.
Distribution of lifestyle characteristics of participants with and without gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD).
| Variable | No GERD | GERD | OR (95% CI)b | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking | <0.001 (2) c | |||
| Current smoker | 129 (67.9)a | 61 (32.1) | 12.3 (7.17–21.15) | <0.001 |
| Former smoker | 75 (78.9) |
20 (21.1) | 6.95 (3.57–13.5) | <0.001 |
| Never smoker | 521 (96.3) | 20 (3.7) | 1.00 (reference) | — |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| No/Occasional intake | 539 (89.4) | 64 (10.6) | 1.00 (reference) | 0.006 |
| Moderate/Heavy intake | 152 (81.7) | 34 (18.3) | 1.88 (1.20–2.96) | |
| Physical activity | <0.001 (2) | |||
| Low | 150 (78.9) | 40 (21.1) | 6.32 (2.75–14.54) | 0.004 |
| Moderate | 370 (53.9) | 51 (12.1) | 3.27 (1.45–7.36) | <0.001 |
| High | 166 (96.0) | 7 (4.0) | 1.00 (reference) | — |
| Fried food frequency | <0.001 (2) | |||
| Frequent consumption | 266 (81.8) | 59 (18.2) | 3.13 (1.86–5.91) | <0.001 |
| Moderate consumption | 224 (90.0) | 25 (10.0) | 1.67 (0.87–3.20) | 0.125 |
| Rare/no consumption | 239 (93.7) | 16 (6.3) | 1.00 (reference) | — |
| Meat consumption frequency | 0.050 (2) | |||
| Frequent consumption | 548 (85.9) | 90 (14.1) | 3.45 (0.82–14.50) | 0.091 |
| Moderate consumption | 99 (92.5) | 8 (7.5) | 1.70 (0.35–8.33) | 0.515 |
| Rare/no consumption | 42 (95.5) | 2 (4.5) | 1.00 (reference) | — |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.2 (5.48)d | 28.7 (5.91) | 1.08 (1.04–1.13) | <0.001 |
| BMI | <0.001 (2) | |||
| <25 | 265 (93.3) | 19 (6.7) | 1.00 (reference) | — |
| 25–29.9 | 306 (87.9) | 42 (12.1) | 1.91 (1.09–3.37) | 0.025 |
| ≥30 | 128 (76.2) | 40 (23.8) | 4.36 (2.43–7.83) | <0.001 |
aNumbers and row percentages (in parentheses). Discrepancies in the totals are due to missing covariate values.
bUnadjusted (crude) odds ratios (ORs: GERD versus no GERD), 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), and P values from binary logistic regression.
cOverall P value and degrees of freedom (in parentheses).
dMedian and interquartile range (in parentheses).