Table 3.
Association of demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors with GERD; age-adjusted and multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) from binary logistic regression.
| Variable | Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Men Women |
1.27 (0.83–1.94) 1.00 (reference) |
0.270 | 1.36 (0.88–2.10) 1.00 (reference) |
0.168 | 0.32 (0.17–0.59) 1.00 (reference) |
<0.001 |
| Age ≤40 years >40 years |
— | — | 1.00 (reference) 1.56 (0.92–2.65) |
0.099 | 1.00 (reference) 1.89 (0.96–3.76) |
0.067 |
| Educational level | 0.147 (2) d | 0.063 (2) | ||||
| Low (0–8) years | 1.94 (1.08–3.51) | 0.028 | 2.06 (1.12–3.77) | 0.020 | ||
| Middle (9–12) years | 1.42 (0.87–2.33) | 0.162 | 1.45 (0.87–2.39) | 0.151 | ||
| High (≥13 years) | 1.00 (reference) | — | 1.00 (reference) | — | ||
| Income level | 0.655 (2) | 0.854 (2) | ||||
| Low | 1.41 (0.67–2.96) | 0.371 | 1.22 (0.57–2.59) | 0.612 | ||
| Middle | 1.22 (0.70–2.13) | 0.483 | 1.15 (0.66–2.02) | 0.622 | ||
| High | 1.00 (reference) | — | 1.00 (reference) | — | ||
| BMI | <0.001 (2) | <0.001 (2) | 0.002 (2) | |||
| <25 | 1.00 (reference) | — | 1.00 (reference) | — | 1.00 (reference) | — |
| 25–29.9 | 1.79 (1.00–3.21) | 0.050 | 1.58 (0.87–2.85) | 0.130 | 1.71 (0.86–3.38) | 0.124 |
| ≥30 | 3.97 (2.12–7.41) | <0.001 | 3.74 (1.99–7.01) | <0.001 | 3.79 (1.79–8.03) | <0.001 |
| Smoking | <0.001 (2) | <0.001 (2) | <0.001 (2) | |||
| Current smoker | 13.36 (7.7–23.2) | <0.001 | 23.6 (12.3–45.3) | <0.001 | 29.3 (13.9–61.2) | <0.001 |
| Former smoker | 6.03 (3.06–11.8) | <0.001 | 12.68 (5.9–27.2) | <0.001 | 9.79 (4.22–22.7) | <0.001 |
| Never smoker | 1.00 (reference) | — | 1.00 (reference) | — | 1.00 (reference) | — |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||
| No/Occasional intake Moderate/Heavy intake |
1.00 (reference) 1.79 (1.13–2.83) |
0.013 |
1.00 (reference) 1.83 (1.10–3.06) |
0.021 | ||
| Physical activity | <0.001(2) | <0.001 (2) | <0.001 (2) | |||
| Low | 5.79 (2.46–13.6) | <0.001 | 5.47 (2.32–12.9) | <0.001 | 7.03 (2.68–18.4) | <0.001 |
| Moderate | 3.10 (1.37–7.01) | 0.007 | 3.01 (1.33–6.84) | 0.008 | 2.75 (1.11–6.78) | 0.028 |
| High | 1.00 (reference) | — | 1.00 (reference) | — | 1.00 (reference) | — |
| Fried food frequency | <0.001 (2) | <0.001 (2) | 0.001 (2) | |||
| Frequent | 4.13 (2.28–7.48) | <0.001 | 3.57 (1.97–6.49) | <0.001 | 3.01 (1.52–6.20) | 0.002 |
| Moderate | 1.91 (0.99–3.69) | 0.055 | 1.69 (0.86–3.32) | 0.128 | 1.21 (0.55–2.65) | 0.634 |
| Not frequent | 1.00 (reference) | — | 1.00 (reference) | — | 1.00 (reference) | — |
| Meat consumption frequency | 0.057 (2) | 0.060 (2) | ||||
| Frequent | 3.52 (0.83–14.8) | 0.087 | 3.93 (0.91–17.0) | 0.068 | ||
| Moderate | 1.79 (0.36–8.81) | 0.476 | 2.09 (0.41–10.6) | 0.372 | ||
| Not frequent | 1.00 (reference) | — | 1.00 (reference) | — | ||
aModel 1: adjusted for age.
bModel 2: simultaneously adjusted for age, sex, and socioeconomic variables (education and income level).
cModel 3: adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic variables, and behavioral factors (smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, frequency of meat consumption, frequency of fired food consumption, and body mass index). All variables were entered in a backward stepwise elimination procedure with a P value to exit set at <0.10. Empty cells refer to the variables excluded from the final model.
dOverall P value and degrees of freedom (in parentheses).