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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Mar 13.
Published in final edited form as: Child Dev. 2012 Apr 27;83(4):1303–1315. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01773.x

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Illustration of the calculation procedures using acoustic analysis software, Praat, for the three acoustic parameters for /s/ in word ‘soup’. M1 and M2 calculate the mean and the standard deviation of noise spectrum (the lower panel) extracted from the middle 40 milli-seconds window in the sound wave (the upper panel). Onset F2 frequency measures the second formant frequency of the vowel immediately following the target fricative, as indicated by the purple dot at 1948 Hz in the spectrogram (the middle panel).