Table 1. Description of basic demographics, socioeconomic status, personality and markers of inflammation by area deprivation category.
| Least Deprived (n = 342) | Most Deprived (n = 324) | pb | ||
| Age (years) | 51.8 (8.0)a | 51.5 (8.5) | 0.63 | |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 171 (50.0%) | 156 (48.1%) | 0.64 | |
| Female | 171 (50.0%) | 168 (51.9%) | ||
| Household income | £41,699 (11,921) | £16,461 (10,056) | <0.001 | |
| Education (total years) | 16.1 (3.6) | 11.8 (2.5) | <0.001 | |
| Residential status | ||||
| Owner | 334 (97.7%) | 97 (29.9%) | <0.001 | |
| Tenant | 8 (2.3%) | 227 (70.1%) | ||
| Occupation categoryc | ||||
| I & II | 251 (73.4%) | 62 (19.1%) | <0.001 | |
| III | 77 (22.5%) | 139 (42.9%) | ||
| IV & V | 12 (3.5%) | 105 (32.4%) | ||
| Unemployed | 1 (0.3%) | 2 (0.6%) | ||
| Current Smoker | ||||
| Yes | 28 (8.2%) | 161 (49.7%) | <0.001 | |
| No | 314 (91.8%) | 163 (50.3%) | ||
| Alcohol (weekly units) | 11.1 (12.7) | 11.1 (21.5) | 0.906 | |
| Diet scored | 95.7 (51.4) | 59.9 (50.4) | <0.001 | |
| Activitye | ||||
| Moderately Active – Active | 176 (51.5%) | 127 (39.2%) | <0.001 | |
| Moderately Inactive – Inactive | 166 (48.5%) | 197 (60.8%) | ||
| Body mass index (BMI) | 26.9 (4.5) | 28.7 (6.3) | <0.001 | |
| Inflammatory Biomarkers | ||||
| C-reactive protein (CRP) (mg/l)f | 1.09 [0.51–2.27] | 2.12 [1.07–4.32] | <0.001 | |
| Interleukin-6 (IL-6) (pg/ml)f | 1.25 [0.87–1.95] | 2.28 [1.34–3.13] | <0.001 | |
| Intercellular adhesion molecule(ICAM-1) (ng/ml)f | 229.4 [207.5–263.6] | 297.8 [241.9–391.7] | <0.001 | |
| Fibrinogen (g/l) | 3.23 (0.64) | 3.50 (0.76) | <0.001 | |
| Eysenck Personality scores (EPQ-R)g | ||||
| Neuroticism (N) | 4.06 (3.19) | 5.96 (3.79) | <0.001 | |
| Extraversion (E) | 7.49 (3.41) | 7.34 (3.61) | 0.558 | |
| Psychoticism (P) | 1.26 (1.30) | 2.58 (2.02) | <0.001 | |
| Lie scale | 5.35 (2.68) | 5.34 (2.78) | 0.962 | |
| GHQ depression scoreh | 0.17 (0.79) | 0.76 (1.71) | <0.001 | |
| NART error scorei | 7.16 (5.27) | 15.61 (9.01) | <0.001 | |
Values are presented as Mean (SD) for all participants; or as percentages for categorical variables, adjusted for age and sex;
P relates the comparison between the two groups. Categorical variables were compared using Fisher’s exact test, continuous variables were compared using t-tests or Wilcoxon tests as appropriate.
The occupational category could not be determined for n = 1 (0.3%) and n = 16 (5%) of the LD and MD groups respectively. Occupation classified using Registrar General Social Class Classification on basis of current job or, if not currently working, on the basis of participants’ last paid job. Only those who had never been in paid employment were classed as “unemployed.” I - professional occupations; II - managerial and technical occupations; III - manual and non-manual skilled occupations; IV - partly skilled occupations; V - unskilled occupations.
Diet score is the participants self-reported consumption of fruit and vegetables (fresh, cooked and raw) per month.
Physical activity level is a combination of activity at work and recreational exercise.
Data log transformed prior to regression analysis.
Personality trait scores were self-reported, each on a scale of 1 to 12.
Depression = depression sub-scale of GHQ-28.
NART (National Adult Reading Test).