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. 2013 Feb 27;9(3):246–255. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.5762

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© Ivyspring International Publisher. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Reproduction is permitted for personal, noncommercial use, provided that the article is in whole, unmodified, and properly cited.

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Sublethal effect on probing behavior of sublethal and low-lethal insecticide concentrations. Means (±SEM) of total time (minutes) spent by Bemisia tabaci in (a) non-probing (waveform Np), (b) non-phloem (waveforms A, B, C and Pd) and (c) phloem (waveform E) activities, during the 6-h behavioral bioassay on leaves treated with sublethal and low-lethal concentrations of the four tested insecticides. Means for treatment bearing asterisks differed from the untreated control at P < 0.05, one-way ANOVA followed by HSD test.