Table 1.

Study summaries: Sample characteristics and outcomes

Group	Outcome	Author (year)	Substance	Rate	Participants	N	Age range	Comparison
In care	Alcohol use	Kohlenberg et al. (2002)	Lifetime alcohol use	54.0%	FC, in foster families	231	12–17	Yes
			Past year alcohol use	34.0%
			30-day alcohol use	13.0%
			30-day “heavy” alcohol use	2.1%
		Shin (2004)	Past year, monthly alcohol use	34.0%	FC, various living sites	67	16.5–17.5	No
		Pilowsky & Wu (2006)	Past year alcohol use	40.0%	Former FC placement	464	12–17	Yes
		Thompson & Auslander (2007)	6-month alcohol use	39.0%	FC, various living sites	320	15–18	No
		Vaughn et al. (2007)	6-month alcohol use	37.0%	FC, various living sites	406	17	No
	Drug use	Kohlenberg et al. (2002)	Lifetime marijuana use	41.0%	FC, in foster families	231	12–17	Yes
			Past year marijuana use	23.0%
			30-day marijuna use	10.0%
			30-day “heavy” marijuana use	3.4%
		Shin (2004)	Past year drug use	22.0%	FC, various living sites	67	16.5–17.5	No
		Pilowsky & Wu (2006)	Past year drug use	34.0%	Former FC placement	464	12–17	Yes
		Thompson & Auslander (2007)	6-month marijuana use	36.0%	FC, various living sites	320	15–18	No
		Vaughn et al. (2007)	Lifetime drug use	49.0%	FC, various living sites	406	17	No
			Lifetime marijuana use	46.0%
			6-month drug use	28.0%
		Smith et al. (2010)	6-month alcohol use	72.0%	FC in juvenile justice	79	12–17	No
			6-month marijuana use	68.0%
	Diagnosis	Kohlenberg et al. (2002)	Any 6-month diagnosis	9.6%	FC, in foster families	231	12–17	Yes
		Pilowsky & Wu (2006)	Past year Alcohol Abuse	5.9%	Former FC placement	464	12–17	Yes
			Past year Alcohol Dependence	6.5%
			Past year Substance Abuse	7.1%
			Past year Substance Dependence	9.8%
In care	Diagnosis	Vaughn et al. (2007)	Any lifetime diagnosis	35.0%	FC, various living sites	406	17	No
		Keller, Salazar, et al. (2010)	Lifetime Alcohol Abuse	9.8%	FC, various living sites	732	17–18	No
			Lifetime Alcohol Dependence	4.2%
			Lifetime Substance Abuse	1.5%
			Lifetime Substance Dependence	4.8%
		White et al. (2007)	Lifetime Alcohol Abuse	7.7%	FC, various living sites	188	14–17	Yes
			Lifetime Alcohol Dependence	3.6%
			Lifetime Substance Abuse	14.1%
			Lifetime Substance Dependence	4.2%
			Past year Alcohol Abuse	3.6%
			Past year Alcohol Dependence	2.0%
			Past year Substance Abuse	2.1%
			Past year Substance Dependence	1.5%
Exited care	Alcohol use	Jones & Moses (1984)	Current alcohol problems	20.0%	History of FC	328	19–28	No
		Cook et al. (1991)	30-day alcohol use	42.0%	Follow up	810	18–24	No
		Benedict et al. (1996)	Past year alcohol use	38.8%	FC alumni	214	19–31	No
		Merdinger et al. (2005)	Current alcohol problems	7.1%	FC alumni in college	216	18–58	No
	Drug use	Barth (1990)	Current alcohol/drug problems	33.0%	History of FC	55	M = 21	No
			30-day drug use	20.0%
		Cook et al. (1991)	Drug use problem	17.0%	Recent FC exit	1644	16+	No
			30-day marijuna use	13.0%	Follow up	810	18–24
			Lifetime drug use	50.0%
		McMillen & Tucker (1999)	Substance abuse problems	13.0%	Recent FC exit	252	M = 18.42	No
		Benedict et al. (1996)	Lifetime drug use	54.0%	FC alumni	214	19–31	No
		Merdinger et al. (2005)	Current drug problem	7.1%	FC alumni in college	216	18–58	No
	Diagnosis	Pecora et al. (2003/2009)	Past year Alcohol Dependence	3.7%	FC alumni	1087	20–51	Yes
			Past year Substance Dependence	3.6%
Exited care	Diagnosis	White et al. (2008)	Lifetime Alcohol Dependence	11.3%	FC alumni	479	20–33	Yes
			Lifetime Substance Dependence	21.0%
			Past year Alcohol Dependence	3.6%
			Past year Substance Dependence	8.0%
		Courtney et al. (2005)	Lifetime Alcohol Abuse	14.3%	FC alumni	321	19	No
			Lifetime Alcohol Dependence	6.2%
			Lifetime Substance Abuse	15.0%
			Lifetime Substance Dependence	5.3%