Fig. 3.

Effects of galangin on mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis-related proteins in B16F10 cells. a B16F10 cells were treated with different concentrations of galangin (25–100 μmol/L) for 12 h, stained with JC-1 and observed under fluorescence microscope. Red–orange fluorescence represents mitochondria with an intact membrane potential; green fluorescence represents disrupted membrane potential (magnification: ×400). b Quantitative analysis of mitochondrial membrane potential by the ratio of red fluorescence intensity/green fluorescence intensity acquired with fluorescent microplate reader. Data are means ± SEM of three independent experiments. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 indicated significance compared with untreated group. c Representative western blots for the expression of caspase-9, caspase-3, PARP with GAPDH as an internal control. Each experiment was performed in triplicate