Table 1.

Important Contributors to Osteoporotic Fracture Risk

Vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency	Renal calcium “leak”/idiopathic hypercalciuria
Hypercortisolism/Cushing’s syndrome and glucocorticoid therapy	Chronic gastrointestinal disease (celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, hepatobiliary disease, short gut syndrome, lactose intolerance)
Multiple myeloma or MGUS	Hyperthyroidism
Alcoholism, tobacco abuse	Hyperparathyroidism
Hypogonadism	Chronic immobilization, neuromuscular disease, stroke
Rheumatoid Arthritis	Type I > Type II diabetes
Chronic renal insufficiency	Chronic antidepressant, proton pump inhibitor, thiazolidinedione use
Hemochromatosis, metal intoxication/chronic low – level cadmium exposure	Hereditary collagen disorders