Table 1.
Crude, age-gender adjusted and fully adjusted logistic regression analyses of potential risk factors for a likely diagnosis of CMD, n = 3649; probable CMD, n = 287
| Risk factors | N | CMD prevalence (%) | Crude odds ratio (95 % CI) | Gender and age adjusted odds ratio (95 % CI) | Fully adjusted odds ratioa (95 % CI) n = 3,629 | p valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total sample | 3,649 | 287 (7.87) 95 % CI 7.01–8.80 | ||||
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age | ||||||
| 16–18 | 1,488 | 106 (7.12) | Referent | Referent | Referent | 0.018b |
| 19–21 | 1,250 | 93 (7.44) | 1.10 (1.00–1.40) | 1.05 (1.00–1.40) | 1.12 (0.82–1.53) | 0.464 |
| 22–24 | 911 | 88 (9.66) | 1.40 (1.04–2.00) | 1.40 (1.04–2.00) | 1.60 (1.10–2.24) | 0.015 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 1,778 | 132 (7.42) | Referent | Referent | Referent | – |
| Female | 1871 | 155 (8.28) | 1.13 (1.00–1.43) | 1.13 (1.00–1.44) | 1.21 (0.93–1.60) | 0.150 |
| Area of residence | ||||||
| Rural | 1,796 | 118 (6.57) | Referent | Referent | Referent | – |
| Urban | 1,853 | 169 (9.12) | 1.43 (1.12–1.82) | 1.50 (1.20–1.90) | 1.51 (1.12–2.04) | 0.007 |
| Socioeconomic status | ||||||
| Number of household assets owned (Asset index) | ||||||
| 0–3 | 1,130 | 80 (7.08) | Referent | Referent | Referent | 0.058b |
| 4–6 | 1,227 | 118 (9.62) | 1.40 (1.04–2.00) | 1.40 (1.03–2.00) | 1.11 (0.80–1.54) | 0.532 |
| 7–10 | 1,292 | 89 (6.89) | 1.00 (0.71-1.33) | 1.00 (0.72–1.40) | 0.70 (0.50–1.04) | 0.076 |
| Currently studying | ||||||
| Yes | 1,591 | 112 (7.04) | Referent | Referent | Referent | – |
| No (including never went to School) | 2,058 | 175 (8.50) | 1.23 (1.00–1.60) | 1.11 (0.84–1.50) | 1.14 (0.84–1.60) | 0.410 |
| Social relationships | ||||||
| Marital status | ||||||
| No | 3,409 | 266 (7.80) | Referent | Referent | Referent | – |
| Yes | 2,400 | 210 (8.75) | 1.13 (0.71–1.80) | 0.94 (0.60–1.53) | 0.93 (0.60–1.60) | 0.788 |
| Autonomy (making own decisions) | ||||||
| Yes all the time | 1,099 | 800 (7.28) | Referent | Referent | Referent | – |
| Yes sometimes | 1,475 | 124 (8.41) | 1.20 (1.00–1.60) | 1.20 (1.00–1.60) | 1.21 (1.00–1.70) | 0.224 |
| No | 1,075 | 830 (7.72) | 1.10 (0.80–1.50) | 1.10 (0.80–1.50) | 1.20 (0.84–1.70) | 0.334 |
| Being able to talk about issues related to sex to peers, parents or teachers | ||||||
| No | 1,012 | 70 (6.92) | Referent | Referent | Referent | – |
| Yes | 2,624 | 217 (8.27) | 1.21 (0.92-1.61) | 1.23 (0.93-1.62) | 1.33 (1.00-1.80) | 0.067 |
| Being able to talk about personal problems to peers, parents or teachers | ||||||
| No | 261 | 30 (11.49) | Referent | Referent | Referent | – |
| Yes | 3,374 | 257 (7.62) | 0.64 (0.43–0.95) | 0.64 (0.43–0.95) | 0.52 (0.34–0.80) | 0.003 |
| Sexual harassment, physical and sexual abuse | ||||||
| Sexual harassment (ever been talked to about sex uncomfortably) | ||||||
| No | 3,233 | 213 (6.59) | Referent | Referent | Referent | – |
| Yes | 414 | 74 (17.87) | 3.10 (2.32–4.11) | 3.1 (2.4–4.2) | 2.25 (1.63–3.1) | <0.001 |
| Having been beaten in the last 3 months | ||||||
| No | 3,430 | 244 (7.11) | Referent | Referent | Referent | – |
| Yes | 215 | 430 (20) | 3.30 (2.30–4.70) | 3.60 (2.5–5.20) | 3.01 (2.05–4.42) | <0.001 |
| Having ever been sexually abused | ||||||
| No | 3,270 | 222 (6.79) | Referent | Referent | Referent | – |
| Yes | 377 | 65 (17.24) | 2.86 (2.20–3.86) | 2.88 (2.14–3.90) | 2.06 (1.48–2.87) | <0.001 |
aFully adjusted model (includes socio-demographics factors, social relationships and physical abuse factors)
b p for trend