Table 1.

How IFs and IRRs can arise in 3 stages of research in a biobank research system.

Stage of research	How IFs can arise	How IRRs can arise
Primary research or collection site	Ascertaining eligibility Collecting baseline values Reviewing medical records Analysis yields data beyond aims Pleiotropy yields data beyond aims	Data analysis in pursuit of research aims yields individual results of clinical or other significance
Biobank assembly & research	Ascertaining eligibility Collecting baseline values Performing quality control (QC) on samples Performing QC on data Confirming pathology (“discrepant diagnosis”) Reviewing medical records Analysis yields data beyond aims Pleiotropy yields data beyond aims	Data analysis in pursuit of research aims yields individual results of clinical or other significance Data analysis in open-ended discovery research yields individual results of clinical or other significance
Secondary research	Analysis yields data beyond aims Pleiotropy yields data beyond aims	Data analysis in pursuit of research aims yields individual results of clinical or other significance Data analysis in open-ended discovery research yields individual results of clinical or other significance