Fig 3.

V1 neurons recorded following cortical infusion and cue-reward reversal. A–B) Example neurons exhibiting sustained increase (top), sustained decrease (middle) and peak (bottom) reward timing recorded from intact (orange) and lesioned (red) animals following V1 drug infusion and cue-reward pairing reversal. Conventions are as in Fig. 2, with the current reward time associated with the dominant cue shown in blue (“reversed”) and the reward time initially associated with the dominant cue shown in gray (“initial”). A) Cue 1-dominant neurons from saline-infused animals (left) update their policy to reflect the reversed contingency (cue 1 associated with a long delay) while neurons from lesioned animals (right) continue to report the initial policy. B) Cue 2-dominant neurons report the new contingency (cue 2 associated with a short delay) in intact animals (left), while neurons from 192-IgG-saporin-infused animals (right) continue to express the outdated policy. C) NRTs recorded following contingency reversal, plotted as cumulative population distributions of update index scores. Zero represents the reward time initially associated with the dominant cue and one represents the reward time associated with the dominant cue following reversal (gray: observations recorded under the initial task parameters; orange: observations collected from intact animals after reversal; red: observations gathered from lesioned animals after reversal). Scores from intact animals (left; n = 182) form a population with a median value that is distinct from the initial observations (Mann-Whitney U test P < 10⁻¹⁰) while neurons collected from lesioned animals (right; n = 131) continue as a population to report the same median value (P = 0.6929). See also Figure S1 and S2. Boxplot conventions are as in Fig 2.