Table 5.

Correlations of reading with phonological awareness and with vocabulary

Outcome measure	Correlations with phonological awareness (LAC3)				Correlations with vocabulary knowledge (PPVT)
	Bivariate	Partial 1 (age or grade)	Partial 2 (speech perception)	Partial 3 (vocabulary)	Bivariate	Partial 1 (age or grade)	Partial 2 (speech perception)	Partial 3 (phonological awareness)
PIAT Recognition	+.82***	+.80***	+.87***	+.63***	+.93***	+.88***	+.93***	+.85**
WRMT-WA	+.74***	+.74***	+.82***	+.56**	+.83***	+.73***	+.86***	+.61**
PIAT Comp	+.86***	+.77***	+.88***	+.58**	+.91***	+.84***	+.87***	+.76**
PIAT Total	+.85***	+.82***	+.89***	+.63***	+.94***	+.90***	+.92***	+.86***

Note. LAC3, Lindamood Auditory Conceptualization Test—Third Edition; PIAT, Peabody Individual Achievement Test; WRMT-WA, Woodcock Reading Mastery Test Word Attack; and PPVT, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001. The left half of the table shows bivariate correlations between reading and phonological awareness followed by partial correlations in which we factored out age (results were nearly identical when grade level was factored out), speech perception, or vocabulary. The right half of the table shows bivariate correlations between reading and vocabulary followed by partial correlations in which we factored out age (results were nearly identical when grade was factored out), speech perception, or phonological awareness.