Table 1 .

Means and standard deviations for participant characteristics

	Age, years	Age of ASL exposure	ASL self-ratinga	English self-ratinga	Years of education
Early ASL–English bilinguals (N = 18)	27 (6)	Birth	6.4 (0.8)	6.8 (0.6)	16.2 (2.8)
Late ASL–English bilinguals (N = 20)	36 (10)	16.4 (7.0)	5.7 (0.8)	7.0 (0.0)	17.7 (2.7)
Deaf ASL signers (N = 24)	24 (5)	0.3 (0.7)	6.5 (0.7)	—	15.8 (2.3)
Monolingual English speakers (N = 21)	24 (4)	—	—	—	15.1 (2.0)

Note. ASL = American Sign Language.

^aBased on a scale of 1–7 (1 = “not fluent” and 7 = “very fluent”).