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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Mar 15.
Published in final edited form as: Clin Trials. 2012 Jul 18;9(4):385–395. doi: 10.1177/1740774512450101

Figure 1.

Figure 1

The sample space for Xr(1) and Xs(1), divided into several important regions. Region A is the set of outcomes that lead the trial into early termination. Regions B and C are areas that allow the trial to proceed to Stage 2 but do not necessary lead to rejection of the null hypothesis. The complement of ABC would ultimately lead to rejection of the null hypothesis (this is expected to be rare and the set may be empty).