Table 4.
Characteristics of prospective cohort studies evaluating sugar consumption and ovarian cancer risk
| Reference | Location | Cases/cohort size (n) | Dietary assessment | Time frame of dietary assessment | Sugar variables | Covariates | Effect modifiers | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kushi et al., 1999
[7] |
Iowa (United States) |
139/29,083 |
FFQ (126 items), 24-hour dietary recall among a subset |
Current intake at baseline |
“Breads, cereals, starches”, sweets |
age, energy intake, # of live births, age at menopause, family history of ovarian cancer in a 1st-degree relative, hysterectomy/unilateral oophorectomy status, WHR, physical activity, pack-years smoked, educational |
None |
- association: breads, cereals, starches + association: sweets |
| Silvera et al., 2007
[34] |
Canada |
264/48776 |
FFQ (86 items) |
Current intake at baseline |
Total sugar |
age, BMI, alcohol intake, HRT use, OC use, parity, age at menarche, menopausal status, energy intake, physical activity, fiber intake, study center, treatment allocation |
Menopausal status, smoking history, age at menarche, HRT use, alcohol intake, parity |
No association: total sugar +association: strong, suggested association with sugar among postmenopausal women No effect modification by smoking history, age at menarche, HRT use, alcohol intake, parity |
| Tasevska et al., 2012 [12] | 8 states in USA (CA, FL, LA, NJ, NC, MI, GA, PA) | 457/179,990 | FFQ, DHQ (124 items) | 1 year prior to index date | Total sugars, added sugar, sucrose, total fructose, added sucrose, added fructose | age, BMI, family history of cancer, marital status, smoking status and pack-years smoked, race, education, physical activity, energy intake, alcohol intake | HRT | - association: total sugars, added sugars, total fructose, sucrose, added sucrose, added fructose; no modification by HRT |
Abbreviations: FFQ- food frequency questionnaire, DHQ- diet history questionnaire, BMI- body mass index, HRT- hormone replacement therapy, ERT- unopposed estrogen replacement therapy, OC- oral contraceptives, WHR- waist-to-hip ratio, “+ association” - positive association, “- association”- negative association.