Table 5.
Reference | Location | Cases/controls (n) | Dietary assessment | Time frame of dietary assessment | Sugar variables | Covariates | Effect modifiers | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case–control studies: population-based |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
Kuper et al, 2000
[11] |
MA, NH (United States) |
549/516 |
FFQ plus open ended section for unlisted foods |
1 year prior to index date |
Caffeinated cola |
Age, study center |
Menopausal status, tumor histologic type |
+ association: highest level of consumption of caffeinated cola No evidence of effect modification |
McCann et al., 2003
[8] |
NY (United States) |
124/696 |
Interviewer-administered diet questionnaire (172 items) |
12 month period 2yr before interview |
Snacks |
age, education, total months menstruating, difficulty becoming pregnant, OC use, menopausal status, energy intake |
None |
No association: Snacks |
Pan et al., 2004
[9] |
Canada |
442/2,135 |
FFQ (69 items) |
2 years prior to index date |
Baked desserts |
age, province of residence, education, alcohol consumption, pack-years smoked, BMI, total kcal, physical activity, # of live births, menstruation years, menopause status |
None |
No association: baked desserts |
Kolahdooz et al, 2009
[6] |
Australia |
717/806 |
FFQ (123 items) |
1 year prior to index date |
“Meat and fat”1 category: High-energy drinks and sweetened food and sugar |
age, age squared, OC use, parity, education, energy intake |
Tumor stage |
No association: high-energy drinks and sweetened food and sugar did not explain the relationship between “meat and fat” and ovarian cancer |
Chandran et al., 2011
[17] |
NJ (United States) |
205/390 |
FFQ (110 items) |
6 months prior to index date |
SoFAAS: total calories from solid fat, alcoholic beverages, and added sugar |
Age, education, race, age at menarche, menopausal status, parity, OC use, HRT use, tubal ligation, BMI, energy intake, physical activity, smoking status, pack-years smoked |
None |
No association: SoFAAS |
Nagle et al., 2011
[35] |
Australia |
1,366/1,414 |
FFQ (136 items) |
1 year or if diet changed in last 6-12 mo, their usual diet |
Total sugar |
age, OC use, education, parity, BMI, menopausal status, energy intake |
BMI, HRT use, menopausal status |
No association: total sugar + association: total sugars among overweight/obese women. No effect modification by HRT use and menopausal status |
Case–control studies: hospital-based |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
Tzonou et al., 1993
[36] |
Greece |
189/200 |
FFQ (110 items) |
1 year prior to index date |
Sucrose |
Age, education, parity, age at first birth, menopausal status, energy intake |
None |
No association: sucrose |
Bosetti et al., 2001
[5]2 |
Italy |
1,031/2,411 |
FFQ (78 items, plus range of courses and dishes) |
2 year prior to index date |
Desserts, Sugar |
age, study center, year of interview, education, parity, OC use, energy intake |
None |
+ association: sugar, Borderline + association: desserts |
Bidoli et al., 2002
[37]2 |
Italy |
1,031/2,411 |
FFQ (78 items, plus range of courses and dishes) |
2 year prior to index date |
Sugar |
age, study center, year of interview, education, parity, OC use, energy intake |
Parity, menopausal status, energy intake, age, education, OC use |
No association: sugar No evidence of effect modification |
Salazar-Martinez et al, 2002 [10] | Mexico | 84/629 | FFQ (116 items) | 1 year prior to index date | Sucrose, fructose, glucose, maltose, “bread and cereal”, “sweets and desserts”, “soda, coffee, and tea”, tortilla | age, energy intake, # of live births, recent changes in weight, physical activity, diabetes | None | No association: sucrose, fructose, glucose, maltose, bread and cereal, sweets and desserts, soda, coffee and tea, tortilla |
Abbreviations: BMI- body mass index, DHQ- diet history questionnaire, ERT- unopposed estrogen replacement therapy, FFQ- food frequency questionnaire, HRT- hormone replacement therapy, OC- oral contraceptives, WHR- waist-to-hip ratio, “+ association” - positive association, “- association”- negative association 1 “Meat and fat” category included processed and red meat, poultry, liver, high-energy drinks (Cola drinks, other soft drinks, and cordials) and sweetened foods (cake, tart or pie, pastry, pavlova (meringue dessert), cheesecake, sweet roll, bun, plain sweet biscuits, fancy biscuits (e.g. chocolate coated), chocolate, lollies (candies), jam, peanut butter, and sugar) 2 Bidoli (2002) and Bosetti (2001) were from the same study.