Table 2.

Studies of the effects of Volatile Anesthetic Pretreatment relating to Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore and K_ATP Channel Mechanisms in Cardioprotection

Model	Anesthetic	Interventions	Mechanism	Length of ischemia	Infarct size	Ref #
Isolated rat ventricular myocytes	Sevoflurane & Isoflurane	5-HD, HMR-1098, diazoxide, chelerythine, 2,4-dinitrophenol	KATP activity	/	/	[17]
Isolated, perfused guinea pig hearts with IR injury	Sevoflurane	Chelerythine, 5-HD				[25]
Isolated guinea pig ventricular myocytes	Isoflurane	N-acetyl cysteine, carnosine, superoxide dismutase, & catalase	ROS, KATP activity	/	/	[37]
Isolated rate trabeculae with IR injury	Sevoflurane	Chelerythine, 5-HD, MPG	ROS, mPTP, PKC	30 min	/	[40]
Isolated, perfused rat heart with IR injury	Isoflurane	/	mPTP opening, O2 consumption	/	/	[43]
Isolated, perfused rat heart	Isoflurane	H2O2	mPTP opening, Ca2+	/	/	[44]
Regional rabbit cardiac IR injury	Desflurane	5-HD	mPTP, KATP	10 min	/	[45]
Isolated mice hearts with IR injury	Isoflurane	/	mPTP opening	30 min	26% reduction from control	[46]
Global or regional rat cardiac IR injury	Isoflurane	/	mPTP opening	30 min	52% control	[47]
					30% APT
Human right atrial appendages after anesthesia	Isoflurane	HMR-1098	KATP activity	15 min	/	[48]
Global or regional rat cardiac IR injury	Isoflurane	5-HD, TEMPO, L-NAME	KATP activity, NOS	30 min	62% control	[49]
					40% APT
Isolated, perfused rat heart with cardioplegic arrest	Isoflurane	5-HD, HMR-1098	KATP activity	/	/	[50]
Isolated, perfused rat heart with IR injury	Isoflurane	5-HD, HMR-1098	KATP activity, Ca2+	30 min	/	[51]
Global rat cardiac IR injury	Isoflurane & sevoflurane	5-HD	KATP activity	10 min	/	[52]
Isolated rat cardiomyocytes with oxidative stress	Isoflurane	H202, FeSO4, 5-HD, HMR-1098	KATP activity	/	/	[53]
Rat ventricular cardiomyocytes with patch-clamp	Isoflurane	/	KATP activity	/	/	[54]
Isolated, rat ventricular trabeculae	Sevoflurane	Chelerythrine, 5-HD, MPG	KATP activity, PKC, ROS	30 min	/	[55]
Global rat cardiac IR injury	Sevoflurane	5-HD	KATP activity	25 min	/	[56]
Isolated, rat ventricular cardiomyocytes	Isoflurane	Chelerythrine, nisoldipine, glibenclamide	KATP activity & PKC	/	/	[57]
Isolated guinea pig hearts	Sevoflurane	5-HD	KATP activity	2 hours	/	[58]
Isolated guinea pig hearts with patch-clamp	Isoflurane	PP106 (PKC activator), PP93 (PKC antagonist), PP1144 (PKC act), 5-HD	KATP activity	/	/	[59]
Isolated, perfused rat hearts with IR injury	Isoflurane	5-HD, diazoxide	KATP activity, O2-	30 min	37% control	[60]
					24% APT
Isolated, guinea pig ventricular myocytes with patch-clamp	Isoflurane	ATP, pinacidil, 2,4,-dinitrophenol, glibenclamide	KATP activity	/	/	[61]
Isolated, perfused guinea pig hearts with IR injury	Sevoflurane	MnTBAP, 5-HD	KATP activity, ROS	30 min, 5–20 min	/	[62]
Global or regional Rat cardiac IR injury	Isoflurane	Glibenclamide	KATP activity, PKC	/	58% control	[63]
					42% APT
Isolated guinea pig ventricular cardiomyocytes	Isoflurane & halothane	Pinacidil, 2,4-dinitrophenol	KATP activity	/	/	[64]
Isolated, perfused guinea pig ventricular myocytes	Isoflurane	ADP, nisoldipine, 2,4-dinitrophenol, ATP, adenosine, GTP	KATP activity, PKC	/	/	[65]
Isolated guinea pig ventricular myocytes	Isoflurane	Genistein & tryphostin B42	Tyrosine kinase depend KATP	/	/	[66]
Isolated, perfused rat hearts with IR injury	Isoflurane	Glyburide	KATP activity	15 min	/	[67]
Isolated human right atrial trabeculae with IR injury	Desflurane	Glibenclamide, phentolamine, propranolol, DCPCX, 5-HD & HMR-1098	KATP activity, adrenergic role	30 min	/	[68]
Isolated guinea pig hearts with IR injury	Sevoflurane	5-HD	KATP activity	4 hours	36% control	[69]
					25% APT
Isolated, perfused rabbit hearts with IR injury	Isoflurane	5-HD, HMR-1098	KATP activity	/	20% control	[70]
					10% APT
Participle, isolated rat hearts with IR injury	Isoflurane	5-HD	KATP activity	20 min	/	[71]
Global Dog cardiac IR injury	Sevoflurane	ATP, 5-HD	KATP activity	15 min	/	[72]
Isolated, perfused human atrial trabeculae	Isoflurane & halothane	Glibenclamide, DPCPX	KATP activity	60 min	/	[73]
Isolated, perfused rat hearts with IR injury	Sevoflurane & halothane	Glibenclamide	KATP activity,	45-60 min	/	[74]
Isolated, perfused rat hearts	Sevoflurane	Pinacidil, glyburide	KATP activity	60 min	/	[75]
Regional Dog cardiac IR injury	Isoflurane	Glyburide	KATP activity	5 min, x 5	/	[76]
Regional Dog cardiac IR injury	Isoflurane	Glibenclamide	KATP activity	15 min	/	[76]

Please note that “/” indicates that either this information was not printed or did not apply to the study. 5-HD, K_ATP inhibitor; HMR-1098, sarcolemmal K_ATP inhibitor; diazoxide & pinacidil, K_ATP activators; chelerythrine, PKC-ϵ inhibitor; N-acetyl cysteine, carnosine, superoxide dismutase & catalase (radical scavengers); reactive oxygen species (ROS); potassium ATP channel (K_ATP ); Anesthetic Pretreatment (APT); ischemia-reperfusion (IR); mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP); hydrogen peroxide (H2O2); inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS); TEMPO, O2 scavenger; L-NAME, NOS inhibitor; ferrous sulfate (FeSO4); MPG, ROS scavenger; nisoldipine, L-type Ca2+ channel blocker; glibenclamide, K_ATP inhibitor; PP106 & PP1144, PKC activators; PP93, PKC inhibitor; adenosine triphosphate (ATP); 2,4-dinitrophenol, ATP production inhibitor; MnTBAP, radical scavenger; adenosine diphosphate (ADP); guanosine triphosphate (GTP); genestein & tryphostin B42, tyrosine kinase inhibitors; glyburide, K_ATP inhibitor; phentolamine, α blocker; propranolol, β blocker; DCPCX, adenosine A1 antagonist.