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. 2013 Jan 16;38(5):826–845. doi: 10.1038/npp.2012.249

Table 2. Whole-Brain Results Demonstrating Group Differences in Brain Activation Evoked by Emotion Conditions.

Contrast Group comparison Region PeakVoxel (x,y,z)a Clusterb Zc p-value (unc.)d p-value (FWE-SVC)e
Hydrocortisone effect on contrasts using both IAPS and faces
Sad vs fixation Single dose vs placebo            
    BA25(sgACC), rectal gyrus (VMPFC) 9,15,−21 13 −3.86 0.000057 0.039*
  Extended dose vs placebo            
    BA25(sgACC), rectal gyrus (VMPFC), subcallosal gyrus −15,12,−21 15 −3.62 0.000148 0.015*
    BA40, inferior parietal lobule 45,−51,57 12 −3.53 0.000206 —
Sad vs neutral Single dose vs placebo            
    No voxels survive — — — — —
  Extended dose vs placebo            
    BA25(sgACC), rectal gyrus (VMPFC), subcallosal gyrus 6,12,−21 34 −3.72 0.000100 0.010*
Happy vs fixation Single dose vs placebo            
    Sup. temporal gyrus −57,−18,6 19 3.97 0.000035 —
    BA7/19, Cuneus, Precuneus 12,−90,36 38 3.62 0.000145 —
  Extended dose vs placebo            
    No voxels survive — — — — —
Happy vs neutral Single dose vs placebo            
    Precentral gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, postcentral gyrus 45,−15,27 46 4.05 0.000026 —
    BA6/9/44 54,9,27 27 3.70 0.000109 —
    BA21, middle temporal gyrus −69,−18,−12 14 3.39 0.000347 —
  Extended dose vs placebo            
    No voxels survive — — — — —
               
Hydrocortisone effect on contrasts using faces only
Sad faces vs fixation Single dose vs placebo            
    BA40, inferior parietal lobule −54,−60,45 18 −3.88 0.000053 —
    BA40, inferior parietal lobule −57,−57,45 17 −3.74 0.000092 —
    BA18/19, middle occipital gyrus −24,−102,6 11 −3.56 0.000186 —
  Extended dose vs placebo            
    BA40, inferior parietal lobule 48,−51,57 10 −3.54 0.000201 —
Sad faces vs neutral faces Single dose vs placebo            
    BA40, inferior parietal lobule 54,−36,30 10 3.80 0.000071 —
  Extended dose vs placebo            
    BA40, inferior parietal lobule 57,−51,51 10 −3.76 0.000086 —
    BA17, lingual gyrus 0,−96,−6 15 −3.62 0.000149 —
Happy faces vs fixation Single dose vs placebo            
    BA19, cuneus, precuneus 15,−90,42 37 4.07 0.000024 —
    Sub—gyral,temporal lobe white matter −33,−54,−3 18 4.05 0.000025 —
    BA22, middle temporal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus −60,−15,3 25 3.98 0.000034 —
    BA17/19, superior occipital gyrus, cuneus, precuneus −15,−84,42 89 3.95 0.000039 —
    BA20, fusiform gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus 51,−27,−27 15 3.94 0.000041 —
    BA28/34 −15,0,−27 15 3.87 0.000055 —
    BA40/41, superior temporal gyrus 54,−24,12 26 3.78 0.000080 —
    BA39, middle temporal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus 45,−63,15 10 3.52 0.000218 —
  Extended dose vs placebo            
    No voxels survive — — — — —
Happy faces vs neutral faces Single dose vs placebo            
    BA2/3/4/6/40/44, inferior parietal lobule, postcentral gyrus, precentral gyrus 48,−18,27 211 4.94 0.0000004 —
    BA13/20/22/36/37, inferior temporal gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus −45,−30,−21 171 4.24 0.000011 —
    BA20, inferior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus 51,−27,−24 43 4.20 0.000014 —
    BA22, middle temporal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus −60,−15,0 22 3.88 0.000051 —
    BA19, middle occipital gyrus 51,−84,0 13 3.88 0.000052 —
    BA37, inferior temporal gyrus 45,−39,−24 13 3.88 0.000052 —
    Cerebellar culmen 21,−39,−30 11 3.82 0.000067 —
    BA21, middle temporal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus 66,−6,−3 11 3.63 0.000144 —
    BA44, inferior frontal gyrus −51,12,12 13 3.62 0.000148 —
    BA20 −33,−9,−39 11 3.57 0.000176 —
    BA6/9, inferior frontal gyrus −57,−3,39 28 3.51 0.000222 —
    BA13/41, insula, superior temporal gyrus −42,−12,3 23 3.42 0.000316 —
  Extended dose vs placebo            
    Fusiform gyrus −42,−12,−21 13 3.68 0.000119 —
               
Hydrocortisone effect on contrast using IAPS only
Sad IAPS vs fixation Single dose vs placebo            
    No voxels survive — — — — —
  Extended dose vs placebo            
    BA25(sgACC), subcallosal gyrus, rectal gyrus (VMPFC) −15,12,−21 13 −3.59 0.000162 0.016*
    BA40, inferior parietal lobule 39,−51,51 16 −3.53 0.000204  
Sad IAPS vs neutral IAPS Single dose vs placebo            
    No voxels survive — — — — —
  Extended dose vs placebo            
    No voxels survive — — — — —
Happy IAPS vs fixation Single dose vs placebo            
    No voxels survive — — — — —
  Extended dose vs placebo            
    BA18/19, fusiform gyrus −27,−72,−18 23 −3.72 0.000100 —
    BA18, cuneus −12,−93,6 21 −3.62 0.000147  
Happy IAPS vs neutral IAPS Single dose vs placebo            
    BA18/19, middle occipital gyrus 42,−78,−15 10 −3.69 0.000114 —
  Extended dose vs placebo            
    BA18/18/37, middle occipital gyrus, lingual gyrus, fusiform gyrus −33,−60,−18 58 −3.83 0.000065 —
    BA18/18/37, inferior occipital gyrus, lingual gyrus, fusiform gyrus 30,−84,−15 26 −3.72 0.000101 —
    BA18/19, middle occipital gyrus 45,−93,0 30 −3.69 0.000113 —
    BA19, cuneus −24,−90,9 10 −3.55 0.000194 —
    BA18/19, inferior occipital gyrus, middle occipital gyrus 39,−72,−9 19 −3.48 0.000249 —
    BA22, middle temporal gyrus 36,−60,15 13 −3.39 0.000346 —
    BA18, middle occipital gyrus, cuneus −12,−102,15 16 −3.34 0.000426 —
               
Multiple regression on contrasts using both IAPS and faces
Sad vs fixation Cortisol            
  Negative effect of cortisol BA25(sgACC), rectal gyrus (VMPFC), subcallosal gyrus 6,12,−18 22 −4.27 0.000010 0.001*
  Positive effect of cortisol Cerebellum 21,−93,−30 18 3.83 0.000065 —
  Positive effect of cortisol Cerebellum 36,−69,−33 21 3.67 0.000122 —
  Valence            
  Negative effect of valence BA6, precentral gyrus, middle frontal gyrus 33,0,45 33 −4.56 0.000003 —
  Negative effect of valence BA6/8, superior frontal gyrus 3,24,60 10 −3.76 0.000086 —
  Negative effect of valence Inferior frontal gyrus 33,12,27 17 −3.75 0.000090 —
  Negative effect of valence Fusiform gyrus, inferior occipital gyrus −24,−96,−21 11 −3.68 0.000118 —
  Negative effect of valence BA19, middle occipital gyrus 39,−93,18 14 −3.62 0.000148 —
  Negative effect of valence BA9/10, medial frontal gyrus 0,60,12 15 −3.55 0.000193 —
  Arousal            
  Negative effect of arousal BA6, middle frontal gyrus 33,0,45 21 −4.39 0.000006 —
  Positive effects of arousal Pons −18,−18,−33 17 4.30 0.000069 —
  Negative effect of arousal BA19, middle occipital gyrus, superior occipital gyrus 39,−93,18 11 −3.45 0.000275 —
Sad vs neutral Cortisol            
  Positive effect of cortisol BA38, superior temporal gyrus −30,21,−39 15 4.41 0.000005 —
  Positive effect of cortisol BA40, supramarginal gyrus 48,−39,36 12 3.55 0.000195 —
  Valence            
  Negative effect of valence BA7/19/39, Middle temporal gyrus, precuneus 39,−72,33 165 −4.44 0.000004 —
  Negative effect of valence BA22/ Middle temporal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus 63,−66,12 11 −4.35 0.000007 —
  Negative effect of valence Fusiform gyrus, cerebellum 30,−60,−9 59 −4.15 0.000016 —
  Negative effect of valence BA23, posterior cingulate 6,−60,12 43 −4.09 0.000021 —
  Negative effect of valence BA39/40, inferior parietal lobule, supramarginal gyrus 54,−60,33 62 −3.89 0.000049 —
  Negative effect of valence Insula 27,9,−15 28 −3.70 0.000106 —
  Negative effect of valence Inferior frontal gyrus −42,45,−21 17 −3.68 0.000115 —
  Negative effect of valence Lingual gyrus 24,−69,3 22 −3.65 0.000133 —
  Negative effect of valence Lingual gyrus 30,−75,−12 12 −3.64 0.000135 −
  Arousal            
  Negative effect of arousal BA45, inferior frontal gyrus 57,24,21 17 −3.85 0.000059 —
Happy vs fixation Cortisol            
  Positive effect of cortisol Cerebellum 36,−66,−33 60 3.81 0.000070 —
  Positive effect of cortisol Cerebellum 24,−93,−33 32 3.98 0.000035 —
  Valence            
  Positive effect of valence Inferior parietal lobule 33,−42,45 15 4.01 0.000030 —
  Positive effect of valence BA6, precentral gyrus −48,−6,42 12 3.61 0.000155 —
  Negative effect of valence Inferior parietal lobule −42,−75,45 10 −3.59 0.000168 —
  Positive effect of valence BA6/44, precentral gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus 60,3,15 10 3.47 0.000256 —
  Arousal            
  Positive effect of arousal Inferior parietal lobule −42,−72,45 15 3.94 0.000041 —
Happy vs neutral Cortisol            
  Positive effect of cortisol Middle temporal gyrus 51,−18,−18 13 3.86 0.000056 —
  Positive effect of cortisol Medial frontal gyrus −6,42,−15 10 3.38 0.000361 —
  Positive effect of cortisol BA34, subcallosal gyrus 9,6,−15 12 3.60 0.000160 —
  Positive effect of cortisol BA22/42, superior temporal gyrus 60,−9,6 21 3.88 0.000052 —
  Positive effect of cortisol Extra—nuclear 3,24,9 11 3.69 0.000114 —
  Positive effect of cortisol BA1/2/3, postcentral gyrus 60,−24,51 22 3.94 0.000041 —
  Valence            
  Positive effect of valence Inferior frontal gyrus −54,9,3 11 3.35 0.000407 —
  Arousal            
  — No voxels survive — — — — —
               
Multiple regression on contrasts using faces only
Sad faces vs fixation Cortisol            
  — No voxels survive — — — — —
  Valence            
  Negative effect of valence BA38, superior temporal gyrus 30,24,−39 10 −4.14 0.000017 —
  Arousal            
  — No voxels survive — — — — —
Sad faces vs neutral faces Cortisol            
  Positive effect of cortisol BA11, superior frontal gyrus, medial frontal gyrus −36,51,−15 89 4.59 0.000002 —
  Positive effect of cortisol BA11, middle frontal gyrus 33,42,−9 31 4.42 0.000005 —
  Positive effect of cortisol BA6/9/44/45, inferior frontal gyrus −60,12,21 234 4.40 0.000005 —
  Positive effect of cortisol BA10, superior frontal gyrus, medial frontal gyrus −15,66,6 44 4.08 0.000023 —
  Positive effect of cortisol BA11, superior frontal gyrus 15,51,−21 11 4.02 0.000029 —
  Positive effect of cortisol Inferior parietal lobule, supramarginal gyrus 54,−36,30 17 3.73 0.000094 —
  Positive effect of cortisol Superior frontal gyrus, medial frontal gyrus −21,42,24 32 3.67 0.000120 —
  Positive effect of cortisol Middle frontal gyrus −27,12,33 11 3.55 0.000192 —
  Positive effect of cortisol Inferior frontal gyrus −36,3,36 12 3.44 0.000291 —
  Valence            
  — No voxels survive — — — — —
  Arousal            
  Positive effect of arousal BA20/21, middle temporal gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus −45,3,−36 17 3.63 0.000140 —
  Positive effect of arousal BA8, superior frontal gyrus 18,39,54 17 3.53 0.000205 —
Happy faces vs fixation Cortisol            
  Negative effect of cortisol Precentral gyrus −30,−18,36 14 −3.76 0.000083 —
  Valence            
  Positive effect of valence BA6/13/22, insula, superior temporal gyrus, precentral gyrus 57,−3,6 32 4.09 0.000022 —
  Negative effect of valence Cerebellum 42,−72,−27 14 −3.57 0.000177 —
  Arousal            
  Negative effect of arousal BA18/19, middle occipital gyrus −36,−87,6 13 −3.53 0.000208 —
Happy faces vs neutral faces Cortisol            
  Positive effect of cortisol Postcentral gyrus, precentral gyrus 48,−18,27 32 4.04 0.000027 —
  Positive effect of cortisol BA4/6, precentral gyrus −57,−6,42 24 4.01 0.000031 —
  Positive effect of cortisol BA1/3/4, postcentral gyrus, precentral gyrus 51,−21,57 35 3.82 0.000066 —
  Positive effect of cortisol BA28, uncus −21,3,−30 13 3.78 0.000079 —
  Positive effect of cortisol BA44/45, inferior frontal gyrus −51,12,21 11 3.73 0.000094 —
  Positive effect of cortisol BA4/6, precentral gyrus −63,−21,42 11 3.73 0.000097 —
  Positive effect of cortisol BA5/7/31, precuneus, paracentral lobule 6,−36,48 14 3.68 0.000117 —
  Positive effect of cortisol BA13/2, insula 45,−15,12 14 3.43 0.000302 ——
  Positive effect of cortisol BA6/13/44, insula 45,−6,9 10 3.41 0.000327 —
  Valence            
  — No voxels survive — — — — —
  Arousal            
  — No voxels survive — — — — —
               
Multiple regression on contrasts using IAPS only
Sad IAPS vs fixation Cortisol            
  Positive effect of cortisol Cerebellum 27,−93,−30 15 4.00 0.000032 —
  Positive effect of cortisol Cerebellum 36,−69,−33 21 3.92 0.000044 —
  Positive effect of cortisol Cerebellum 24,−57,−27 12 3.69 0.000111 —
  Valence            
  Negative effect of valence BA19/30, culmen −9,−45,−6 27 4.30 0.000008 —
  Negative effect of valence BA19, superior occipital gyrus 39,−93,21 49 4.16 0.000016 —
  Negative effect of valence BA30, Posterior cingulate, cuneus 21,−72,6 25 −4.01 0.000030 —
  Negative effect of valence BA6, Middle frontal gyrus 33,0,45 24 3.99 0.000032 —
  Negative effect of valence BA18/30, Lingual gyrus, posterior cingulate −21,−60,3 30 −3.79 0.000075 —
  Positive effect of valence BA18/19, Cuneus 15,−96,21 12 3.64 0.000135 —
  Arousal            
  Negative effect of arousal BA6, middle frontal gyrus 33,0,45 22 −3.98 0.000034 —
  Negative effect of arousal BA19, superior occipital gyrus 39,−90,24 24 −3.71 0.000105 —
Sad IAPS vs neutral IAPS Cortisol            
  — No voxels survive — — — — —
  Valence            
  Negative effect of valence BA19/22/39/40, superior temporal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus 57,−63,30 89 −4.73 0.000001 —
  Negative effect of valence BA19/39, middle temporal gyrus, middle occipital gyrus, superior occipital gyrus, angular gyrus, precuneus 48,−84,15 135 −4.50 0.000003 —
  Negative effect of valence BA7, precuneus −3,−54,48 42 −4.12 0.000019 —
  Negative effect of valence BA19, cuneus −27,−90,27 23 −3.78 0.000077 —
  Negative effect of valence BA31, cingulate gyrus, posterior cingulate gyrus −9,−42,33 26 −3.77 0.000081 —
  Negative effect of valence BA39, angular gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus −54,−66,27 19 −3.76 0.000085 —
  Negative effect of valence BA40, supramarginal gyrus −60,−54,30 17 −3.72 0.000098 —
  Negative effect of valence BA5, postcentral gyrus −3,−60,69 42 −3.71 0.000102 —
  Negative effect of valence BA30, posterior cingulate 3,−48,18 11 −3.60 0.000157 —
  Negative effect of valence BA23/30, posterior cingulate −3,−63,9 20 −3.57 0.000176 —
  Arousal            
  — No voxels survive — — — — —
Happy IAPS vs fixation Cortisol            
  Positive effect of cortisol Cerebellum 18,−93,−30 12 3.47 0.000257 —
  Positive effect of cortisol Cerebellum 27,−75,−30 28 3.44 0.000286 —
  Valence            
  — No voxels survive — — — — —
  Arousal            
  — No voxels survive — — — — —
Happy IAPS vs neutral IAPS Cortisol            
  Positive effect of cortisol Anterior cingulate 12,36,3 14 4.13 0.000018 —
  Valence            
  — No voxels survive — — — — —
  Arousal            
  Positive effect of arousal Unidentified −15,18,−33 16 4.14 0.000017 —
  Negative effect of arousal Occipital lobe (R) 33,−54,−3 13 −3.72 0.000102 —
a

Stereotactic coordinates from MNI152 reference.

b

Cluster size in voxels.

c

Negative Z-scores indicate a reduced activation of the hydrocortisone group relative to the placebo group.

d

All foci meet min threshold of p<0.001, uncorrected with an extend threshold 10 voxels.

e

Significant p-values after small volume correction. *Foci are significant at a family-wise error corrected threshold of p<0.05 after small volume correction.

p-values listed reflect the peak voxel within a cluster.