Table 5.
Association between meat consumption and cause-specific mortality in EPIC.
| Cardiovascular diseases | Cancer | Respiratory diseases | Digestive tract | Other cause of death | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intake (g/d) | Ncases | HRa | 95% CI | Ncases | HRa | 95% CI | Ncases | HRa | 95% CI | Ncases | HRa | 95% CI | Ncases | HRa | 95% CI |
| Red meat | |||||||||||||||
| 0 to 9.9 | 695 | 1.03 | (0.92, 1.16) | 1077 | 1.04 | (0.95, 1.14) | 164 | 1.09 | (0.84, 1.41) | 74 | 0.81 | (0.58, 1.14) | 1019 | 1.10 | (1.00, 1.21) |
| 10 to 19.9 | 613 | 1.00 | (ref.) | 1052 | 1.00 | (ref.) | 116 | 1.00 | (ref.) | 74 | 1.00 | (ref.) | 833 | 1.00 | (ref.) |
| 20 to 39.9 | 1395 | 1.01 | (0.91, 1.11) | 2477 | 1.04 | (0.96, 1.12) | 227 | 0.86 | (0.68, 1.09) | 170 | 0.95 | (0.72, 1.25) | 1971 | 1.02 | (0.94, 1.11) |
| 40 to 9.9 | 1862 | 1.02 | (0.92, 1.12) | 3353 | 0.99 | (0.91, 1.06) | 357 | 0.92 | (0.73, 1.16) | 239 | 0.84 | (0.64, 1.11) | 2800 | 0.98 | (0.90, 1.07) |
| 80 to 159.9 | 924 | 1.04 | (0.93, 1.17) | 1759 | 1.03 | (0.95, 1.13) | 194 | 1.05 | (0.81, 1.37) | 144 | 0.88 | (0.64, 1.21) | 1433 | 1.03 | (0.94, 1.14) |
| 160+ | 67 | 1.07 | (0.82, 1.40) | 143 | 1.21 | (1.00, 1.46) | 10 | 0.80 | (0.40, 1.60) | 14 | 1.02 | (0.55, 1.90) | 112 | 1.17 | (0.95, 1.44) |
| Per 100 g/day | |||||||||||||||
| Observed | 1.10 | (1.00, 1.19) | 1.01 | (0.94, 1.08) | 1.02 | (0.83, 1.24) | 1.04 | (0.82, 1.32) | 1.01 | (0.95, 1.09) | |||||
| Calibrated | 1.09 | (1.00, 1.18) | 1.00 | (0.94, 1.07) | 1.06 | (0.88, 1.28) | 1.03 | (0.83, 1.29) | 1.02 | (0.94, 1.10) | |||||
| Processed meat | |||||||||||||||
| 0 to 9.9 | 1635 | 1.06 | (0.96, 1.16) | 2223 | 0.96 | (0.90, 1.03) | 322 | 1.11 | (0.90, 1.37) | 161 | 1.08 | (0.83, 1.41) | 1654 | 1.10 | (1.02, 1.18) |
| 10 to 19.9 | 855 | 1.00 | (ref.) | 1848 | 1.00 | (ref.) | 171 | 1.00 | (ref.) | 112 | 1.00 | (ref.) | 1547 | 1.00 | (ref.) |
| 20 to 39.9 | 1335 | 1.05 | (0.96, 1.15) | 2745 | 1.01 | (0.95, 1.07) | 287 | 1.21 | (0.99, 1.47) | 209 | 1.30 | (1.02, 1.64) | 2496 | 1.03 | (0.97, 1.10) |
| 40 to 79.9 | 1222 | 1.16 | (1.05, 1.28) | 2252 | 1.03 | (0.96, 1.10) | 220 | 1.29 | (1.04, 1.61) | 178 | 1.37 | (1.06, 1.78) | 1889 | 1.09 | (1.02, 1.18) |
| 80 to 159.9 | 453 | 1.35 | (1.18, 1.54) | 714 | 1.08 | (0.98, 1.19) | 60 | 1.27 | (0.91, 1.77) | 48 | 1.18 | (0.80, 1.73) | 526 | 1.28 | (1.14, 1.43) |
| 160+ | 56 | 1.72 | (1.29, 2.30) | 79 | 1.15 | (0.90, 1.46) | 8 | 1.73 | (0.82, 3.65) | 7 | 1.58 | (0.70, 3.54) | 56 | 1.64 | (1.24, 2.18) |
| Per 50 g/day | |||||||||||||||
| Observed | 1.15 | (1.09, 1.21) | 1.06 | (1.02, 1.10) | 1.10 | (0.98, 1.25) | 1.04 | (0.91, 1.20) | 1.11 | (1.06, 1.15) | |||||
| Calibrated | 1.30 | (1.17, 1.45) | 1.11 | (1.03, 1.21) | 1.22 | (0.97, 1.54) | 1.09 | (0.82, 1.47) | 1.22 | (1.11, 1.34) | |||||
| Poultry | |||||||||||||||
| 0 to 4.9 | 1494 | 1.05 | (0.96, 1.15) | 2502 | 1.10 | (1.03, 1.17) | 297 | 1.11 | (0.91, 1.35) | 189 | 1.03 | (0.81, 1.30) | 2220 | 1.09 | (1.01, 1.17) |
| 5 to 9.9 | 982 | 1.00 | (ref.) | 1706 | 1.00 | (ref.) | 184 | 1.00 | (ref.) | 132 | 1.00 | (ref.) | 1383 | 1.00 | (ref.) |
| 10 to 19.9 | 1565 | 1.00 | (0.92, 1.09) | 2649 | 1.00 | (0.94, 1.06) | 294 | 0.99 | (0.82, 1.20) | 191 | 0.89 | (0.71, 1.12) | 2286 | 0.98 | (0.91, 1.05) |
| 20 to 39.9 | 907 | 0.92 | (0.83, 1.01) | 1853 | 0.99 | (0.93, 1.07) | 153 | 0.95 | (0.75, 1.20) | 121 | 0.85 | (0.66, 1.11) | 1344 | 1.02 | (0.95, 1.11) |
| 40 to 79.9 | 541 | 0.90 | (0.81, 1.01) | 1024 | 1.01 | (0.93, 1.10) | 123 | 1.05 | (0.82, 1.34) | 68 | 0.85 | (0.63, 1.16) | 853 | 1.00 | (0.92, 1.10) |
| 80+ | 67 | 0.94 | (0.73, 1.21) | 127 | 1.00 | (0.83, 1.20) | 17 | 1.37 | (0.82, 2.28) | 14 | 1.42 | (0.80, 2.50) | 82 | 1.10 | (0.88, 1.39) |
| Per 50 g/day | |||||||||||||||
| Observed | 0.93 | (0.85, 1.01) | 0.97 | (0.91, 1.03) | 1.21 | (1.06, 1.38) | 0.89 | (0.71, 1.13) | 1.01 | (0.95, 1.07) | |||||
| Calibrated | 0.84 | (0.69, 1.03) | 0.98 | (0.82, 1.16) | 1.32 | (1.02, 1.73) | 0.72 | (0.41, 1.29) | 1.05 | (0.91, 1.21) | |||||
astratified by age (one-year age groups), sex, study center, adjusted for education (five categories), body weight (continuous), body height (continuous), total energy intake (continuous), alcohol consumption (continuous), physical activity (four categories), smoking status (seven categories), smoking duration (six categories); CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard rate; N, number.