Figure 2.

Co-administration of nAbs-Aβ and Aβ oligomers leads to a rise in phosphorylated p38 and TNF-α levels. Western blot analysis was performed to detect protein levels of phosphorylated p38. GAPDH was used as loading control (A). Phospho p38 levels were evaluated densitometrically and normalized to GAPDH (B). C + D show cytokine levels of Aβ-treated cells. Cells were treated for 24 hours and supernatants were subjected to cytokine ELISA. ELISA experiments were performed at least three times, independently. GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; nAbs-Aβ, naturally occurring autoantibodies against amyloid-β; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.