Table 2.
Characteristics of study participants by their overall cardiovascular risk
| Overall | Low risk | Intermediate risk | High risk | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Variables |
|
|
|
|
|
| Age |
49.4 (0.01) |
48.4 (0.03) |
49.7 (0.03) |
52.9 (0.13) |
|
| Male sex |
49.6 |
40 |
55 |
64.3 |
<0.001 |
| Race |
|
|
|
|
0.008 |
| Malay |
48.4 |
47.2 |
48.3 |
50.9 |
|
| Chinese |
29.6 |
28.3 |
30.3 |
31.5 |
|
| Asian Indian |
7.8 |
7.9 |
8.2 |
7.4 |
|
| Others |
14.2 |
16.6 |
13.2 |
10.1 |
|
| Residence |
|
|
|
|
0.007 |
| Urban |
60.8 |
64.3 |
58 |
55.8 |
|
| Rural |
39.2 |
35.7 |
42 |
44.2 |
|
| Education (Years of schooling) |
|
|
|
|
<0.001 |
| Tertiary (≥ 13 years) |
7.8 |
11.1 |
5.8 |
2.8 |
|
| Secondary (7–12 years) |
41.7 |
54.3 |
33.7 |
22.9 |
|
| Primary (≤6 years) |
35.4 |
26.4 |
40.9 |
49 |
|
| Household income |
|
|
|
|
<0.001 |
| <RM2000 |
62.4 |
57.1 |
64.4 |
71.4 |
|
| RM2000-3999 |
23.9 |
26.3 |
23.1 |
19.8 |
|
| ≥RM4000 |
13.7 |
16.6 |
12.5 |
8.8 |
|
| Prevalences of CV risk factors |
|
|
|
|
|
| Smoking |
22.2 (20.3, 24.3) |
16.6 (14.8, 18.5) |
25.9 (23.8, 28.0) |
30.7 (27.7, 33.8) |
<0.001 |
| Central obesity |
44.6 (42.6, 46.5) |
38.4 (36.7, 40.2) |
48.5 (45, 51.9) |
53.8 (51, 56.5) |
<0.001 |
| Hypertension |
50.1 (48.1, 52.2) |
26.1 (24.4, 28.1) |
64.3 (62.2, 66.5) |
87 (85.9, 88) |
<0.001 |
| Hypercholesterolemia |
30.3 (27.7, 33) |
23.2 (21.0, 25.5) |
35.9 (32.6, 39.3) |
40.1 (36.8, 43.6) |
<0.001 |
| Diabetes | 15.2 (13.8, 16.7) | 4 (3.4, 4.6) | 15.4 (13.7, 17.3) | 37.3 (33.7, 41) | <0.001 |
Data are % for categorical variables, mean (se) for continuous variables & prevalence (95%CI) for risk factors.
CV cardiovascular.
Smoking; current smokers who smoked ≥100 cigarettes in their lifetime, and smoked daily or for some days in.
The previous month.
Central obesity; men, 90 cm and women, 80 cm [25].
Hypertension; SBP ≥ 140 mmHg and/or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg [26], or use of anti-hypertensive medication.
Hypercholesterolemia; total cholesterol level ≥ 5.2 mmol/l [27] or use of lipid lowering drugs.
Diabetes; fasting glucose ≥ 6.1 mmol/l [28] or self reported to be diabetic.