Table 3.
Main effects
| Outcome measures | n | N | Studies | Cohen’s d (95% CI) | Heterogeneity | Test for overall effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Post-test |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Subjective well-being |
28 |
Ne=1449 Nc=1265 |
[29,32-34,51,56-59,61,62,64,66-71,73,75,77,79-81,84,85] |
0.34 (0.22 – 0.45) |
Q=53.5, df=27, T2=0.04 (p<.01); I2=49.5% |
Z=5.82 (p<.01) |
| Psychological well-being |
20 |
Ne=2511 Nc=977 |
[29,30,32,33,51-55,60,62,65,69,74-77,81-84] |
0.20 (0.09 – 0.30) |
Q=26.8, df=19, T2=0.01 (p=0.11); I2=29.0% |
Z=3.65 (p<.01) |
| Depression |
14 |
Ne=2435 Nc=760 |
[30,51-55,61,63,69,74,76,80,82,83] |
0.23 (0.09 – 0.38) |
Q=24.5, df=13, T2=0.03 (p=0.03); I2=47.0% |
Z=3.21 (p<.01) |
| Follow-up |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Subjective well-being |
6 |
Ne=329 Nc=298 |
[51,57,62,67,69,77] |
0.22 (0.05 – 0.38) |
Q=5.05, df=5, T2=0.00 (p=0.41); I2=1.1% |
Z=2.61 (p<.01) |
| Psychological well-being |
6 |
Ne=1830 Nc=417 |
[30,52-55,62,69,74,77] |
0.16 (0.02 – 0.30) |
Q=6.8, df=5, T2=0.01 (p=0.24); I2=26.0% |
Z=2.20 (p=.03) |
| Depression | 5 | Ne=1765 Nc=343 | [30,51-55,69,74] | 0.17 (−0.06 – 0.39) | Q=11.1, df=4, T2=0.04 (p=0.03); I2=63.9% | Z=1.44 (p=.15) |
n = Number of studies, N = Number of subjects, Ne = Number of subjects in experimental group; Nc = Number of subjects in control group.