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. 2013 Mar 11;13:14. doi: 10.1186/1471-2490-13-14

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Copyright ©2013 Grases et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Scanning electron microscopy images of sections of COM papillary calculi from patient 1. (a, b) A type I calculus, in which COM columnar crystals started to develop in the concave zone in close contact with papillary tissue. (c, d) A type II calculus with a hydroxyapatite core (arrow) in or near the concave zone. (e, f) A type III calculus that developed on the papilla tip, with its concave zone containing hydroxyapatite, calcified tissue and calcified tubules (arrow). (g, h) A type IV calculus in which the core, situated near the concave zone (arrow), was formed by the intergrowth of COM crystals and organic matter.