Table 9.
Summary of evaluations of cellular interactions of 2,4-D.
| Study type | Result | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| In vivo | ||
| Micronucleus formation | ||
| Human lymphocytes | − | Figgs et al. [201] |
| Human lymphocytes | + | Holland et al. [21] |
| Mouse bone marrow | − | IARC [29] |
| Replicative Index | ||
| Human lymphocytes | ++ | Holland et al. [21] |
| Human lymphocytes | ++ | Figgs et al. [201] |
| Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and chromosomal aberrations | ||
| Chinese hamster bone marrow | + | Linnainmaa [19] |
| Rat lymphocytes | − | Linnainmaa [19] |
| Human lymphocytes | + | Turkula and Jalal [192] |
| Human lymphocytes | − | Mustonen et al. [193] |
| Rat lymphocytes | − | Mustonen et al. [153] |
| Somatic and germ cells in mice | + | Madrigal-Bujaidar et al. [182] |
| Chicken embryos | ++ | Arias [212] |
| Mouse bone marrow and spermatocytes | + | Amer and Aly [179] |
| Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (UDS) | ||
| Han Wistar rat | − | Charles et al. [181] |
| Cell transformation/cytotoxicity | ||
| Increased CD8-DR in humans | + | Faustini et al. [200] |
| In vitro | ||
| Micronucleus formation | ||
| Mouse bone marrow | − | Charles et al. [185] |
| Human lymphocytes | − | Holland et al. [21] |
| Human lymphocytes | ++ | Zeljezic and Garaj-Vrhovac [199] |
| Mouse bone marrow | − | Schop et al. [180] |
| Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and chromosomal aberrations | ||
| Human lymphocytes | ++ | Korte and Jalal [191] |
| Human lymphocytes | + | Mustonen et al. [193] |
| Human lymphocytes | ++ | Zeljezic and Garaj-Vrhovac [199] |
| Human lymphocytes (SCGE) smoker | + | Sandal and Yilmaz [198] |
| Human lymphocytes (SCGE) nonsmoker | − | Sandal and Yilmaz [198] |
| Human fibroblasts | + | Clausen et al. [194] |
| Rat lymphocytes | − | Mustonen et al. [153] |
| Rat lymphocytes | − | Gollapudi et al. [18] |
| Chinese hamster ovary | − | Linnainmaa [19] |
| Chinese hamster ovary (SCGE) | ++ | González et al. [186] |
| Syrian hamster embryo (SCGE) | ++ | Maire et al. [188] |
| Chinese hamster ovary (SCGE) | − | Sorensen et al. [187] |
| Hair follicle nuclear aberration (mouse) | + | Schop et al. [180] |
| Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (UDS) | ||
| Rat hepatocytes | − | Charles et al. [181] |
| Human fibroblasts | − | Jacobi and Witti [195] |
| Replicative index | ||
| Chinese hamster ovary | − | González et al. [186] |
| Cell transformation | ||
| upregulation of c-Myc RNA in SHE | ++ | Maire et al. [188] |
| bcl2 and bax expression in SHE | − | Maire et al. [188] |
| Colony-forming ability in human fibroblasts | + | Clausen et al. [194] |
| Polyamine biosynthesis in CHO | + | Rivarola and Balegno [189] |
| Induction of apoptosis in human lymphocytes | + | Kaioumova et al. [170] |
| Induction of apoptosis in human lymphocytes | + | Tuschl and Schwab [197] |
Notes. +Weak effect (not statistically significant or statistically significant but at in vivo concentrations exceeding renal clearance mechanisms or systemic toxicity); ++significant effect; −no effect.