Table 1.
Risk for operative vaginal delivery and caesarean section in 185 primiparous women subjected to childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and 47 women subjected to rape in adulthood (RA), compared with 141 controls, from the general birth cohort
| Operative vaginal delivery OR (95% CI) | Caesarean section OR (95% CI) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | P | Adjusted | P | Unadjusted | P | Adjusted | P | |
| Child sexual abuse (CSA) | 0.80 (0.39–1.64) | 0.54 | 0.84 (0.37–1.91) | 0.60 | 1.65 (0.86–3.16) | 0.13 | 1.41 (0.63–3.12) | 0.40 |
| Raped as adult (RA) | 12.71 (5.09–31.73) | <0.01 | 12.17 (4.40–33.72) | <0.01 | 11.57 (4.48–29.41) | <0.01 | 9.92 (3.36–29.35) | <0.01 |
| Younger (≤19 years of age) | 0.34 (0.08–1.60) | 0.18 | 0.38 (0.08–1.83) | 0.23 | 0.19 (0.04–0.84) | 0.03 | 0.34 (0.07–1.66) | 0.18 |
| Older (≥31 years of age) | 2.57 (1.27–5.22) | 0.01 | 2.55 (1.12–5.85) | 0.03 | 2.40 (1.24–4.64) | 0.01 | 1.65 (0.73–3.73) | 0.23 |
| Single (unsupported) | 1.46 (0.66–3.22) | 0.35 | 2.56 (1.20–5.46) | 0.02 | ||||
| Higher education (yes/no) | 1.29 (0.67–2.48) | 0.44 | 0.65 (0.30–1.43) | 0.29 | 2.69 (1.49–4.85) | <0.01 | 2.12 (1.01–4.44) | 0.05 |
| Smoking (yes/no) | 0.86 (0.42–1.73) | 0.66 | 0.89 (0.48–1.66) | 0.72 | ||||
| Pregnancy termination and miscarriage | 1.49 (0.77–2.90) | 0.24 | 1.61 (0.89–2.90) | 0.11 | ||||
| Prenatal visits | 0.98 (0.88–1.09) | 0.73 | 1.07 (0.98–1.18) | 0.14 | ||||
| Height | 0.99 (0.94–1.04) | 0.71 | 1.00 (0.96–1.05) | 0.93 | ||||
| Pre-pregnant BMI (kg/m2) | 1.00 (0.92–1.08) | 0.95 | 0.96 (0.87–1.05) | 0.36 | 1.12 (1.05–1.18) | <0.01 | 1.09 (1.02–1.17) | 0.02 |
| Epidural (yes/no) | 2.63 (1.44–4.80) | <0.01 | 1.83 (0.92–3.64) | 0.08 | 2.72 (1.58–4.68) | <0.01 | 2.89 (1.48–5.65) | 0.01 |
| Induced labour (yes/no) | 1.41 (0.64–3.09) | 0.39 | 3.29 (1.76–6.16) | <0.01 | ||||
| Oxytocin augmentation (yes/no) | 4.04 (1.89–8.62) | <0.01 | 2.43 (1.06–5.58) | 0.04 | 1.01 (0.57–1.78) | 0.97 | 0.43 (0.21.–0.90) | 0.02 |
| High obstetrical risk (high/low) | 1.60 (0.81–3.16) | 0.18 | 1.34 (0.64–2.82) | 0.44 | 4.01 (2.18–7.35) | <0.01 | 3.07 (1.53–6.14) | <0.01 |
| Blood loss > 500 ml | 3.05 (1.39–6.70) | 0.01 | 3.12 (1.54–6.31) | <0.01 | ||||
| Apgar score <7 at 5 minutes | 0.68 (0.08–6.08) | 0.73 | 1.44 (0.36–5.87) | 0.61 | ||||
| Birthweight (hectogram) | 1.09 (1.03–1.16) | 0.01 | 1.07 (0.99–1.15) | 0.08 | 1.08 (1.02–1.14) | 0.01 | 1.09 (1.03–1.16) | 0.01 |
| Transferred to NICU (yes/no) | 1.02 (0.33–3.12) | 0.97 | 1.29 (0.37–4.45) | 0.69 | 2.94 (1.34–6.46) | 0.01 | 2.85 (1.09–7.52) | 0.03 |
NICU, neonatal intensive care unit.