Table 1.

Ethogram of parental behaviors and maternal postures observed during parental care quantification and observations.

Parental behaviors	Description
Huddling	All 4 paws touching ground; holding self up over pups; head tucked, back arched
Pseudohuddling	More relaxed huddle posture
Non-huddling contact	In contact with pups and quiescent
Licking/grooming	Licking and grooming pups
Anogenital licking/grooming	Licking and grooming pups, specifically the anogenital region
Retrieval	Lifting pup in mouth and moving it at least 1 in.
Nest building	Moving nest material with either mouth or forepaws
Autogrooming	Grooming self
Maternal postures	Description
Active Nursing	Pups attached while locomoting around home cage
Lateral nursing	Laying on side with pups laying in front
Neutral nursing	Standing over pups in a relaxed position without locomotion
Hunch	Sitting up on hind limbs in a hunched position; forelimbs off the ground; pups in front

Based on ethograms presented in (Stone and Bales, 2010).