Table 2.
Association between urinary arsenic and cadmium in pregnancy and 18 months and child blood pressure or kidney function at 4.5 y
| Blood pressure (mmHg) |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Systolic |
Diastolic |
Glomerular filtration rate (ml/min/1.72 m2) |
Kidney volume (cm3/m2) |
||||||
| βa (95% CI) | R2 (%)b | β (95% CI) | R2 (%) | β (95% CI) | R2 (%) | β (95% CI) | R2 (%) | ||
| Maternal exposure | |||||||||
| U-As combined exposurec (mg/l) | Model 1d | 2.90 | 0.21 | 2.64 | 0.34 | −23.3 | 0.49 | 3.37 | 0.29 |
| (−0.06, 5.87) | (0.14, 5.15) | (−41.4, −5.3) | (−5.86, 12.60) | ||||||
| Model 2e | 3.69 | 0.28 | 2.91 | 0.45 | −14.2 | 0.02 | 2.89 | 0.002 | |
| (0.74, 6.63) | (0.41, 5.42) | (−32.2, 3.7) | (−6.17, 11.96) | ||||||
| U-Cd 8 weeks (µg/l) | Model 1 | −0.66 | 0.22 | −0.27 | 0.03 | −0.77 | 0.29 | 0.47 | 0.07 |
| (−1.62, 0.29) | (−1.07, 0.54) | (−5.18, 3.64) | (−3.33, 4.28) | ||||||
| Model 2 | −0.49 | 0.14 | −0.21 | 0.06 | −0.17 | 0.20 | 0.79 | 0.06 | |
| (−1.44, 0.45) | (−1.02, 0.59) | (−4.54, 4.20) | (−2.99, 4.57) | ||||||
| Infant exposure | |||||||||
| U-As 18 months (mg/l) | Model 1 | 6.05 | 0.23 | 1.90 | 0.07 | −44.7 | 0.61 | −7.15 | 0.85 |
| (−0.09, 13.0) | (−3.96, 7.76) | (−81.7, −7.8) | (−32.93, 18.63) | ||||||
| Model 2 | 8.25 | 0.36 | 2.75 | 0.08 | −33.4 | 0.36 | −1.90 | 0.77 | |
| (1.37, 15.1) | (−3.09, 8.59) | (−70.2, 3.34) | (−23.45, 27.26) | ||||||
aβ: regression coefficients from linear regression analysis fitting untransformed exposure variables.
bR2 value refers to total R2 for unadjusted models (model 1) and partial R2 for adjusted models (model 2).
cExposure defined as average pregnancy value (week 8 and week 30 of gestation combined).
dModel 1: unadjusted association.
eModel 2: adjusted for sex, age, parental wealth index, height at 4.5 years, season of birth and maternal early pregnancy BP (blood pressure models only).