Table 1.

Presence of anti-cardiac antibodies in cardiomyopathy.

Presence of Anti-Cardiac Antibodies in Cardiomyopathy
Antibody*	Comments	Etiology	Reference
Anti-B1-adrenergic receptor	cardiomyocyte apoptosis	DCM	Staudt et al.24
	agonist/antagonist effect, cell surface	DCM	Limas et al.20
Anti-M2-receptor	agonist/antagonist effect	DCM	Fu et al.34
Anti-troponin I	Increased expression in sera	ICM/DCM	Doesch et al.28
	------	Myocarditis	Kaya et al.3
	------	DCM	Okazaki et al.30
Anti-myosin	------	Myocarditis	Neu et al.29
	cardiomyocyte impaired contractility	DCM	Warraich et al.32
Anti-Na+/K+-ATPase	agonist/antagonist effect, electrical instability	DCM	Baba et al.26
Anti-Kv channel	cardiomyocyte cell death	DCM/rat	Landsberger et al.27
Anti-mitochondrial	M7, inner mitochondrial membrane	DCM	Klein et al.35
Anti-actin	Increased expression in sera	DCM/ICM	Latif et al.36
Anti-HSP-60	abnormal localization to cell surface	DCM/ICM	Lin et al.37

*Other anti-cardiac reported in the literature include: anti-SR-Ca2+ATPase, anti-laminin, adenine-nucleotide transporter, anti-tropomyosin.

DCM: dilated cardiomyopathy; ICM: ischemic cardiomyopathy; HSP: heat shock protein.