Table 1. Summary.

Strategy	Description	Advantage	Drawback
Formal Marker	Adds arbitrary marker to co-referential words	Avoids combinatorial search in parsing and semantic ambiguity	Only motivation for a marker is its frequency
Meaningful Marker	A marker now carries meaning	Allows more meaning to be expressed with the same number of forms.	Meaning of marker not transparent to learner
Reuse	A marker is based on reusing an existing word	Learner can immediately guess its meaning	Still many more markers than with formal marker strategy
Phonological Reduction	The form of a marker is shortened	Increased articulatory efficiency	Advantage of reuse strategy is partially lost
Coercion	Semantic features of words are re-categorized so that marker becomes applicable	Reduction of marker inventory	Danger of syncretism

Overview of different strategies with their main advantages and drawbacks. The advantages are cumulative and the drawbacks of one strategy are resolved by the next one.