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Embryonic EPCs derived from a thrombomodulin-LacZ transgene mouse strain21 are capable of neovascularization of ischemic muscle tissue (late phase = requiring days to weeks). An early direct effect was found with respect to paracrine factors such as thymosin β4, which is a survival and activator signal for cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells. The receptor or internalization mechanism for thymosin β4 into myocytes or endothelial cells are not known to date.
