Table 1.
Summary of the key Adipokine/Cytokine associated with health related issues of over-fatness and obesity
| Adipokine/Cytokine | Cell/Tissue Secreting | Tissue Influenced by Adipokine/Cytokine(Metabolic response to signal) | Impact of Over-fatness | Impact of Physical Activity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adiponectin [46] |
A |
Skeletal Muscle (↑insulin sensitivity, ↓response to IL-6, TNF-α) |
↓ |
↑ |
| Liver (↑ insulin sensitivity, ↓response to IL-6, TNF-α) | ||||
| Adipocytes (↑insulin sensitivity, ↓response to IL-6, TNF-α) | ||||
| Cardiovascular Endothelial Cells (↓adhesion formation, ↓response to IL-6, TNF-α) | ||||
| Visfatin [6,22,23,43,47] |
A |
Adipocytes (differentiation of cells) |
↑ |
↓/↔ |
| Skeletal Muscle (↑ insulin sensitivity) | ||||
| Liver (↑ insulin sensitivity) | ||||
| Leptin [6,22,23,40,42,43,47,48] |
A |
Cardiovascular Endothelial Cells (↑ adhesion formation, ↑ response to IL-6, TNF-α) |
↑ |
↓ |
| Adipocytes (↑ production and release IL-6, TNF-α) | ||||
| Skeletal Muscle (↑insulin sensitivity, ↑ lipid metabolism, ↓response to IL-6, TNF-α) | ||||
| Hypothalamus/Central Nervous | ||||
| System (satiety, hunger response, indication of energy expenditure) | ||||
| Resistin [20,22,49-51] |
A, M |
Cardiovascular Endothelial Cells (↑ adhesion formation)* |
↑ |
↓/↔ |
| Retinol Binding Protein-4 (RBP-4) [6,43,52,53] |
A |
Skeletal Muscle (↓insulin sensitivity) |
↑ |
↓ |
| Liver (↓insulin sensitivity) | ||||
| Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) [5,6,45,54-59] |
A/M |
Cardiovascular Endothelial Cells (↑ adhesion formation) |
↑ |
↓ |
| Skeletal Muscle (↓insulin sensitivity) | ||||
| Liver (↓insulin sensitivity) | ||||
| Interluekin-6 (IL-6) [5,6,20,56,60-69] |
M, A/M |
Leukocytes (↑ activity and response) |
↑ |
↓ |
| Cardiovascular Endothelial Cells (↑ adhesion response) | ||||
| Skeletal Muscle (↓insulin sensitivity, ↑inflammation response w/in tissues) | ||||
| Liver (↓insulin sensitivity,↑inflammation response w/in tissues) | ||||
| Chemerin [70] | A | Macrophage & Leukocyte (↑ activity and pro-inflammatory cytokine release) |
↑ | ? |
| Liver (↓insulin sensitivity,↑inflammation response w/in tissues) |
Note that * indicates that mixed results in outcome of results with research involving human volunteers,$ animal studies indicate impact on insulin sensitivity not duplicated with human subjects, A indicates adipose tissue derived chemical, M indicates macrophage derived chemical, A/M indicates both adipose tissue and macrophage derived chemical, ↑ indicates an increase in production and release, ↓indicates an decrease in production and release, ↔ indicates no effect in production and release, and ? indicates unknown response.