Table 3.
Mean, p value and 95% confidence interval for the difference between the angle means over the stance phase for barefoot and thong while walking and jogging
| |
|
|
WALK |
|
JOG |
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phase | Joint | Plane | Barefoot | Thong | p;<0.05 | 95% CI | Barefoot | Thong | p;<0.05 | 95% CI |
|
Contact |
Ankle |
Sagittal |
1.1(8.3) |
12.0(12.2) |
0.005* |
−17.8, -4.04 |
13.0(7.6) |
21.1(10.4) |
0.005* |
−13.2, -2.98 |
| Frontal |
−7.5(3.6) |
−10.0(5.8) |
0.694 |
−3.23, 2.25, |
−4.7(4.3) |
−3.6(4.7) |
0.31 |
−3.30, 1.14 |
||
| Transverse |
1.6(4.7) |
1.7(3.2) |
0.957 |
−3.15, 3.00 |
3.6(5.0) |
1.4(5.8) |
0.194 |
−1.30, 5.77 |
||
|
Midfoot |
Sagittal |
−3.8(6.5) |
−9.2(12.2) |
0.090 |
−1.00, 11.9 |
−3.5(6.5) |
−6.6(11.9) |
0.203 |
−1.92, 8.13 |
|
| Frontal |
2.0 (2.9) |
0.6 (5.0) |
0.181 |
−0.750, 3.55 |
1.2(3.6) |
−2.6(6.5 |
0.042* |
0.15, 7.40 |
||
| Transverse |
−3.6(3.6) |
1.0(4.0) |
0.441 |
−5.21, 2.42 |
−0.8(4.3) |
2.2(4.3) |
0.075 |
−6.30, 0.35 |
||
|
Hallux |
Sagittal |
6.2(4.3) |
3.7(5.4) |
0.203 |
−1.57, 6.65 |
4.3(4.7) |
3.3(6.5) |
0.694 |
−4.41, 6.41 |
|
|
Midstance |
Ankle |
Sagittal |
7.6(5.8) |
12.6(10.4) |
0.124 |
−11.44, 1.56 |
20.3(5.4) |
24.4(9.0) |
0.099 |
−9.02, 0.88 |
| Frontal |
−3.8(3.6) |
−4.2(4.7) |
0.672 |
−1.47, 2.20 |
0.3(4.7) |
1.0(4.7) |
0.492 |
−2.94, 1.50 |
||
| Transverse |
4.1(4.3) |
2.5(4.0) |
0.315 |
−1.74, 4.96 |
6.4(5.8) |
3.4(5.8) |
0.069 |
−0.28, 6.40 |
||
|
Midfoot |
Sagittal |
−0.8(6.1) |
−7.4(12.6) |
0.052 |
−0.065, 13.3 |
2.9(7.2) |
−2.2(12.6) |
0.037* |
0.370, 9.73 |
|
| Frontal |
3.6 (1.8) |
2.2 (5.0) |
0.231 |
−1.02, 3.83 |
2.0(4.3) |
−0.5(6.1) |
0.140 |
−0.908, 5.71 |
||
| Transverse |
0.5(3.2) |
1.9(4.7) |
0.421 |
−5.21, 2.33 |
0.1(4.7) |
2.8(4.0) |
0.085 |
−5.82, 0.435 |
||
|
Hallux |
Sagittal |
1.1(2.9) |
1.2(4.7) |
0.926 |
−2.99, 2.74 |
−0.3(3.2) |
0.4(4.7) |
0.664 |
−4.26, 2.81 |
|
|
Propulsive |
Ankle |
Sagittal |
12.4(8.3) |
16.4(11.5) |
0.282 |
−3.74, 11.8 |
18.0(6.5) |
21.0(10.4) |
0.242 |
−8.12, 2.27 |
| Frontal |
−6.8(5.0) |
−6.8(5.0) |
0.552 |
−1.44, 2.56 |
−3.6(4.3) |
−3.0(4.7) |
0.536 |
−2.68, 1.47 |
||
| Transverse |
0.1(5.4) |
−1.3(4.3) |
0.383 |
−1.97, 4.78 |
3.6(5.8) |
0.8(6.1) |
0.098 |
−0.591, 6.09 |
||
|
Midfoot |
Sagittal |
−3.4(7.2) |
−10.1(12.6) |
0.044* |
0.205, 13.3 |
−2.1(7.9) |
−7.5(11.9) |
0.020* |
−9.84, -1.01 |
|
| Frontal |
2.5(1.8) |
1.9(4.7) |
0.645 |
−2.07, 3.18 |
1.8(4.0) |
−0.3(5.4) |
0.153 |
−0.908, 5.13 |
||
| Transverse |
−0.7(3.2) |
0.5(4.7) |
0.524 |
−5.00, 2.69 |
−0.7(4.3) |
1.7(3.6) |
0.107 |
−5.37, 0.594 |
||
|
Hallux |
Sagittal |
7.0(4.3) |
6.0(6.8) |
0.675 |
−3.89, 5.81 |
7.6(5.4) |
5.4(4.3) |
0.249 |
−1.77, 6.30 |
|
|
Stance |
Ankle |
Sagittal |
9.1(6.8) |
14.4(8.3) |
0.122 |
−12.32, 1.66 |
17.6(6.1) |
22.0(9.7) |
0.070 |
−9.23, 0.416 |
| Frontal |
−5.5(4.0) |
−5.8(5.0) |
0.775 |
−1.68, 2.19 |
−2.8(4.3) |
−2.0(4.3) |
0.426 |
−2.86, 1.29 |
||
| Transverse |
1.9(4.7) |
0.7(4.0) |
0.444 |
−2.11, 4.52 |
4.3(5.8) |
1.7(5.8) |
0.120 |
−0.798, 6.06 |
||
|
Midfoot |
Sagittal |
−2.5(6.5) |
−9.0 (13.0) |
0.055 |
−0.156, 13.3 |
−1.1(7.2) |
−5.6(11.9) |
0.051 |
−0.31, 9.17 |
|
| Frontal |
2.8(2.2) |
1.7(4.7) |
0.362 |
−1.37, 3.48 |
1.7(4.0) |
−0.9(5.8) |
0.102 |
−0.596, 5.78 |
||
| Transverse |
−0.2(3.2) |
1.2(4.3) |
0.435 |
−5.20, 2.39 |
−0.5(3.6) |
2.2(4.0) |
0.084 |
−5.65, 0.409 |
||
| Hallux | Sagittal | 1.1(2.9) | 1.2(4.3) | 0.926 | −2.99, 2.74 | 4.9(4.3) | 3.5(3.2) | 0.384 | −2.08, 5.08 | |
* indicates a significant difference compared to barefoot when p < 0.05.
Mean joint angles for ankle and midfoot sagittal, frontal and transverse planes and hallux sagittal plan during stance. Positive value indicates dorsiflexion, eversion and abduction; negative values indicate plantarflexion, inversion and adduction.