Table 5.

Reference studies concerning the probiotic role of molecules presented at the bacterial surface

Ref.	Outcomes
Mazmanian et al[33]	Bacterial capsular PSA elaborated by Bacteroides fragilis activates CD4+ and elicits cytokine production
Mazmanian et al[35]	Purified PSA suppress pro-inflammatory IL-17 production and protects from inflammatory disease by induction of IL-10
Ryu et al[36]	Purified LTA from Gram-positive bacteria has lower potency in the stimulation of Toll-like receptor-2 pathway to induce pro-inflammatory molecules.
Grangette et al[37]	Modified LTA is able to induce secretion of anti-inflammatory IL-10
Benz et al[39]	Lipoproteins and glycoproteins at the cell surface are attractive candidates as probiotic molecules
Schlee et al[40]	Flagellins of the Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 induces expression of human β-defensin 2
Matsumoto et al[83]	Purified PSPG-I from Lactobacillus casei Shirota has anti-inflammatory actions in chronic intestinal inflammatory disorders

PSA: Polysaccharide A; IL: Interleukin; LTA: Lipotheichoic acid; PSPG: Polysaccharide-peptidoglycan.