Impaired GLP-1 secretion from colon tissue of α-gustducin knockout mice in response to fatty acids. A: basal GLP-1 release in glucose-free, BSA-free Hanks' buffered salt solution from colon mucosa of α-gustducin knockout (filled bar) vs. wild-type (open bar) mice. B–D: GLP-1 secretion in response to SCFAs, LCFAs, OEA, and bile acids from colon mucosa of α-gustducin knockout (filled bar) vs. wild-type (open bar) mice. Data were generated in triplicate for each mouse, with n = 3–6 mice for each genotype, and are expressed as means ± SE. Statistical significance was determined by ANOVA and Student's unpaired two-tailed t-test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001, gustducin knockout vs. wild-type mice. #P < 0.05 and ###P < 0.001, fatty acid-treated vs. basal GLP-1 release.