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Smad3 expression is identified as dark brown areas of color in cultured aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Nuclear accumulation is shown in Marfan syndrome (MFS) and bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) VSMCs (open arrows; B, C). Lack of Smad3 nuclear expression in the control (A) is indicated with arrows. Losartan treatment of MFS and BAV VSMCs reduced nuclear accumulation of nuclear Smad3 (E, F) (hematoxylin;magnification 250×).
