Table 1. Changes of endotoxin load, inflammation indicators, metabolic phenotypes and the gut microbiota during weight loss of a morbidly obese volunteer.
| Measurements | Day 0 | 9 Weeks | 23 Weeks | Reference range |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body weight (kg) | 174.8 | 144.8 | 123.5 | — |
| BMI (kg m−2) | 58.78 | 48.66 | 41.50 | 18–23 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 150 | 120 | 120 | ⩽140 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 110 | 80 | 75 | ⩽90 |
| Triglycerides (mmol l−1) | 2.68 | 1.72 | 1.18 | 0–1.7 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol l−1) | 5.53 | 4.64 | 4.78 | 3.00–5.17 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol l−1) | 0.89 | 0.70 | 0.82 | >0.91 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol l−1) | 3.42 | 3.15 | 3.42 | 0–4.16 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol l−1) | 8.95 | 4.76 | 5.40 | 3.90–6.10 |
| Fasting plasma insulin (μIU ml−1) | 58.7 | 25.8 | 23.0 | 6–27 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.58 | 5.44 | 4.52 | 3.8–5.8 |
| AST (U l−1) | 122 | 51 | 31 | 10–47 |
| ALT (U l−1) | 97 | 50 | 33 | 0–41 |
| GGT (U l−1) | 168 | 49 | 59 | 0–56 |
| LBP (μg ml−1) | 7.03 | 2.29 | 4.78 | — |
| C-reactive protein (mg l−1) | 14.1 | 9.4 | 9.51 | 0–10 |
| IL-6 (pg ml−1) | 6.71 | 4.46 | 2.76 | — |
| Adiponectin (μg ml−1) | 2.00 | 2.09 | 4.27 | — |
| Enterobactera | 34.98% | 1.77% | 0% | |
| Enterobacteriaceaeb | 13.23% | 0.45% | 0.32% |
Abbreviations: AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; GGT, gamm-glutamyl transferase; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IL-6, interleukin-6; LBP, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
a
Based on the near full-length 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence clone libraries of the fecal microbiota.
b
Based on the metagenomic sequencing analysis of the fecal microbiota.