Table 10.

Effects of feeding broccoli extract and various essential oils on relative mRNA expression of Nrf2, Keap1, and various ARE-regulated enzymes in colon of DSS-treated rats compared to an untreated control. Values are means ± SEM and represent relative mRNA concentrations as n-fold of group Con = 1. Different small letters in a row indicate significant differences between means (P ≤ 0.05). n = 4 in phase 1, n = 6 in phase 2 and phase 3.

Colon		Experimental group
Gene	Period	Con		DSS		BE		Cuo		To		Ro
		MW	SEM	MW	SEM	MW	SEM	MW	SEM	MW	SEM	MW	SEM
	Phase 1	1.00	0.21	—	—	1.00	0.07	1.31	0.16	1.26	0.19	1.23	0.11
Nrf2	Phase 2	1.00a	0.13	0.53bc	0.09	0.51bc	0.07	0.63ab	0.08	0.36c	0.07	0.58bc	0.11
	Phase 3	1.00	0.28	0.86	0.16	0.89	0.10	1.13	0.13	1.10	0.13	0.69	0.08
	Phase 1	1.00ab	0.44	—	—	0.51a	0.13	1.04ab	0.12	0.87ab	0.21	2.44b	1.29
Keap1	Phase 2	1.00	0.16	0.93	0.15	1.02	0.18	0.81	0.11	0.67	0.10	0.86	0.09
	Phase 3	1.00	0.19	1.06	0.23	0.69	0.05	1.02	0.29	0.98	0.13	1.43	0.36
	Phase 1	1.00	0.47	—	—	0.48	0.09	1.09	0.35	0.85	0.18	1.40	0.48
HO1	Phase 2	1.00ab	0.23	1.71a	0.33	1.46ab	0.20	1.33ab	0.36	0.96ab	0.28	0.94b	0.29
	Phase 3	1.00a	0.17	1.28a	0.13	0.99a	0.09	1.01a	0.18	1.97b	0.29	1.04a	0.19
	Phase 1	1.00	0.23	—	—	0.54	0.07	0.56	0.13	0.91	0.14	1.05	0.46
NQO1	Phase 2	1.00ab	0.26	1.57a	0.52	0.94ab	0.13	0.85ab	0.12	0.59b	0.15	0.84ab	0.15
	Phase 3	1.00	0.21	1.31	0.36	1.17	0.14	1.10	0.37	2.17	0.44	2.41	1.05
	Phase 1	1.00a	0.03	—	—	0.74b	0.09	0.94ab	0.09	0.95ab	0.08	0.78ab	0.12
SOD1	Phase 2	1.00	0.12	1.08	0.19	0.80	0.06	1.05	0.12	0.76	0.17	0.92	0.17
	Phase 3	1.00	0.19	1.07	0.09	0.98	0.07	1.04	0.11	1.04	0.07	0.90	0.13
	Phase 1	1.00ab	0.29	—	—	0.56a	0.05	0.95ab	0.23	0.61a	0.11	1.43b	0.34
GPx2	Phase 2	1.00a	0.25	1.49ab	0.40	1.16ab	0.30	2.36b	0.51	1.73ab	0.45	1.94ab	0.86
	Phase 3	1.00a	0.11	0.33b	0.06	0.40b	0.05	0.46b	0.12	0.40b	0.11	0.27b	0.04
	Phase 1	1.00a	0.18	—	—	0.52b	0.11	1.19ac	0.12	0.90a	0.13	1.88c	0.45
GSTK1	Phase 2	1.00a	0.08	0.70ab	0.15	0.75ab	0.11	0.90ab	0.16	0.53b	0.11	0.55b	0.11
	Phase 3	1.00a	0.05	0.79ab	0.18	0.60b	0.08	0.70b	0.12	0.65b	0.09	0.51b	0.05
	Phase 1	1.00ab	0.14	—	—	0.65a	0.13	1.16bc	0.20	0.84ab	0.14	1.64c	0.21
GSTP1	Phase 2	1.00a	0.08	0.91a	0.21	0.70a	0.12	0.72a	0.09	0.44b	0.16	0.66a	0.06
	Phase 3	1.00a	0.07	0.47b	0.05	0.68b	0.09	0.68b	0.09	0.63b	0.11	0.51b	0.08
	Phase 1	1.00ab	0.08	—	—	0.65a	0.24	1.60b	0.21	0.96a	0.21	1.58b	0.18
GSTT2	Phase 2	1.00a	0.12	0.60b	0.10	0.43b	0.07	0.55b	0.09	0.41b	0.11	0.49b	0.10
	Phase 3	1.00	0.08	2.14	0.40	1.04	0.08	1.13	0.18	1.75	0.24	2.69	0.96