Table 6.

Effects of feeding broccoli extract and various essential oils on relative mRNA expression of various pro- and anti-inflammatory parameters in the liver of DSS-treated rats compared to an untreated control.

Liver	Period	Experimental group compared
		with untreated control rats
Gene		DSS	BE	Cuo	To	Ro
	Phase 1	—	↔	↔	↔	↔
NFκB	Phase 2	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔
	Phase 3	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔
	Phase 1	—	↔	↔	↔	↔
TNFα	Phase 2	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔
	Phase 3	↑	↔	↔	↔	↔
	Phase 1	—	↔	↔	↔	↔
COX2	Phase 2	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔
	Phase 3	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.
	Phase 1	—	↔	↔	↔	↔
IL-1β	Phase 2	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔
	Phase 3	↔	↔	↔	↓	↔
	Phase 1	—	↓	↓	↔	↓
IL-10	Phase 2	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔
	Phase 3	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓
	Phase 1	—	↔	↔	↔	↑
MCP-1	Phase 2	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔
	Phase 3	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔
	Phase 1	—	↓	↔	↔	↔
VCAM-1	Phase 2	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔
	Phase 3	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔
	Phase 1	—	↔	↔	↔	↔
Cldn3	Phase 2	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔
	Phase 3	↔	↑	↔	↔	↔

Different arrows summarize the effects on gene expression: ↔: no effect, ↑: increase, ↓: decrease, and n.d.: not detectable. Means ± SEM and the results of statistical analysis are presented in the appendix.