Table 8.

Effects of feeding broccoli extract and various essential oils on relative mRNA expression of various pro- and anti-inflammatory parameters in colon of DSS-treated rats compared to an untreated control. Values are means ± SEM and represent relative mRNA concentrations as n-fold of group Con = 1. Different small letters in a row indicate significant differences between means (P ≤ 0.05). n = 4 in phase 1, n = 6 in phase 2 and phase 3.

Colon		Experimental group
	Period	Con		DSS		BE		Cuo		To		Ro
Gene		MW	SEM	MW	SEM	MW	SEM	MW	SEM	MW	SEM	MW	SEM
	Phase 1	1.00	0.53	—	—	0.56	0.10	1.04	0.10	0.56	0.21	1.17	0.70
NFκB	Phase 2	1.00	0.20	1.03	0.30	0.36	0.02	1.00	0.44	2.21	1.37	0.51	0.10
	Phase 3	1.00a	0.07	3.05b	1.23	1.52ab	0.28	1.31ab	0.30	1.09ab	0.16	1.51ab	0.42
	Phase 1	1.00	0.45	—	—	0.31	0.05	0.38	0.12	0.42	0.15	0.41	0.14
TNFα	Phase 2	1.00a	0.15	3.96ab	1.48	3.84ab	1.28	1.65ab	0.59	4.72b	1.49	2.98ab	0.76
	Phase 3	1.00a	0.18	3.71b	0.85	4.56b	0.97	3.75b	0.78	4.18b	1.08	3.34b	0.90
	Phase 1	1.00	0.81	—	—	0.13	0.03	0.90	0.40	0.55	0.29	0.96	0.61
COX2	Phase 2	1.00ac	0.35	17.7b	10.26	2.43ac	1.00	1.68ac	0.71	3.59bc	1.10	1.25ac	0.42
	Phase 3	1.00	0.17	1.31	0.55	1.41	0.34	0.87	0.27	1.10	0.33	1.00	0.21
	Phase 1	1.00	0.10	—	—	1.48	0.52	1.72	0.45	1.01	0.41	1.60	0.52
IL-1β	Phase 2	1.00	0.33	1.10	0.34	1.70	0.82	1.21	0.36	0.52	0.22	1.17	0.29
	Phase 3	1.00a	0.33	4.69b	1.40	2.32ab	0.53	0.96a	0.22	2.26a	1.01	1.77a	1.02
	Phase 1	1.00	0.43	—	—	2.14	1.46	1.95	0.58	2.31	1.28	2.23	1.04
IL-10	Phase 2	1.00a	0.39	1.23ab	0.35	1.46ab	0.31	2.79b	0.65	22.5b	15.03	3.79c	1.50
	Phase 3	n.d.		n.d.		n.d.		n.d.		n.d.		n.d.
	Phase 1	1.00	0.12	—	—	0.88	0.09	0.94	0.04	1.46	0.45	1.04	0.23
MCP-1	Phase 2	1.00a	0.22	1.51ab	0.20	2.20b	0.30	1.67b	0.15	2.76b	0.56	2.03b	0.58
	Phase 3	1.00a	0.27	2.60bc	0.47	3.54b	0.98	1.10a	0.23	0.86a	0.26	1.67ac	0.57
	Phase 1	1.00a	0.42	—	—	0.43ab	0.06	0.34b	0.10	0.41b	0.14	0.38b	0.21
VCAM-1	Phase 2	1.00ab	0.46	2.40a	1.18	0.39b	0.19	0.39b	0.13	0.62b	0.25	0.66ab	0.42
	Phase 3	1.00a	0.35	6.21b	2.20	4.56b	0.53	1.97a	1.14	1.61a	0.79	1.07a	0.53
	Phase 1	1.00a	0.31	—	—	1.03a	0.19	1.71ab	0.20	1.63ab	0.14	2.37b	0.75
Cldn3	Phase 2	1.00a	0.38	0.57ab	0.21	0.22b	0.08	0.49ab	0.22	0.25b	0.21	0.25b	0.07
	Phase 3	1.00a	0.18	1.46ab	0.34	0.92a	0.06	1.07a	0.12	1.98b	0.36	1.24a	0.30