Table 9.

Effects of feeding broccoli extract and various essential oils on relative mRNA expression of various pro- and anti-inflammatory parameters in the liver of DSS-treated rats compared to an untreated control. Values are means ± SEM and represent relative mRNA concentrations as n-fold of group Con = 1. Different small letters in a row indicate significant differences between means (P ≤ 0.05). n = 4 in phase 1, n = 6 in phase 2 and phase 3.

Liver		Experimental group
Gene	Period	Con		DSS		BE		Cuo		To		Ro
		MW	SEM	MW	SEM	MW	SEM	MW	SEM	MW	SEM	MW	SEM
	Phase 1	1.00	0.15	—	—	1.06	0.11	0.99	0.06	1.03	0.06	0.97	0.08
NFκB	Phase 2	1.00	0.06	0.94	0.07	0.99	0.03	0.99	0.05	1.02	0.07	1.02	0.06
	Phase 3	1.00	0.04	0.96	0.03	1.00	0.03	0.99	0.04	1.07	0.05	1.06	0.06
	Phase 1	1.00	0.17	—	—	1.04	0.07	1.06	0.12	0.90	0.03	1.10	0.06
TNFα	Phase 2	1.00	0.13	1.01	0.14	0.89	0.15	1.04	0.15	0.92	0.14	0.82	0.08
	Phase 3	1.00a	0.04	1.71b	0.37	1.06ab	0.12	1.14ab	0.17	1.16ab	0.11	1.55ab	0.25
	Phase 1	1.00abc	0.15	—	—	0.81ab	0.09	1.02ac	0.06	0.75b	0.15	1.12c	0.06
COX2	Phase 2	1.00	0.11	1.16	0.20	1.19	0.12	1.34	0.27	1.50	0.25	1.13	0.12
	Phase 3	n.d.		n.d.		n.d.		n.d.		n.d.		n.d.
	Phase 1	1.00	0.20	—	—	1.00	0.15	1.02	0.16	0.87	0.10	1.13	0.12
IL-1β	Phase 2	1.00	0.11	1.04	0.11	0.93	0.12	1.01	0.14	1.12	0.10	0.98	0.08
	Phase 3	1.00a	0.03	0.95a	0.08	0.85ab	0.07	0.84ab	0.06	0.75b	0.05	1.01ab	0.06
	Phase 1	1.00a	0.19	—	—	0.67b	0.11	0.56b	0.08	0.70ab	0.15	0.68b	0.08
IL-10	Phase 2	1.00	0.12	0.77	0.10	1.15	0.25	1.06	0.15	1.06	0.09	1.01	0.09
	Phase 3	1.00a	0.06	0.76b	0.05	0.79b	0.08	0.67b	0.06	0.69b	0.03	0.77b	0.03
	Phase 1	1.00a	0.05	—	—	1.25ab	0.17	1.13a	0.11	1.18a	0.25	1.78b	0.23
MCP-1	Phase 2	1.00	0.12	1.00	0.07	1.08	0.15	1.20	0.11	1.12	0.17	1.19	0.13
	Phase 3	1.00	0.07	1.01	0.12	1.00	0.10	0.96	0.11	1.00	0.10	1.01	0.03
	Phase 1	1.00a	0.20	—	—	0.74b	0.08	0.80ab	0.02	0.85ab	0.07	0.91ab	0.06
VCAM-1	Phase 2	1.00	0.07	1.06	0.12	0.85	0.10	0.98	0.02	1.09	0.07	0.89	0.05
	Phase 3	1.00	0.05	0.89	0.08	1.02	0.11	1.07	0.11	0.92	0.08	1.03	0.09
	Phase 1	1.00	0.19	—	—	1.02	0.30	0.85	0.15	0.91	0.22	0.65	0.07
CRP	Phase 2	1.00	0.20	1.07	0.21	0.74	0.05	0.93	0.20	0.85	0.10	1.14	0.15
	Phase 3	1.00a	0.11	0.87a	0.11	1.37b	0.21	0.89a	0.10	0.87a	0.12	0.73a	0.06