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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Free Radic Biol Med. 2012 Sep 19;53(11):2043–2053. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.09.014

Figure 3.

Figure 3

The induction of mitochondrial biogenesis by the HO-1/CO system. The diagram illustrates how endogenous CO and mitochondrial H2O2 release contribute to the redox activation of Nrf2-Keap1. The oxidation of Keap1 in the vicinity of mitochondria stabilizes the protein complex and allows free cytoplasmic Nrf2 to translocate to the nucleus where it activates NRF-1 and HO-1. This creates a feed-forward cycle for the initiation and maintenance of mitochondrial biogenesis following oxidative and inflammatory stress. PTP-1B, Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1 (PTPN1); PGAM5, mitochondrial serine/threonine-protein phosphatase, Other abbreviations as in Figures 1 and 2.