Table 2.
Overall participant cha racteristics
| Participant characteristics | |
|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD) | 38.3 (9.7) |
| Gender, male, No. (%) | 29 (53.7) |
| Ethnicity, White, No. (%) | 46 (85.2) |
| Marital status, | |
| never married, No. (%) | 24 (44.4) |
| married, No. (%) | 14 (25.9) |
| divorced, No. (%) | 14 (25.9) |
| widowed, No. (%) | 2 (3.7) |
| Education, attended college, No. (%) | 21 (38.9) |
| Employment, unemployed, No. (%) | 37 (68.5) |
| Health insurance, Medicaid, No. (%) | 29 (53.7) |
| Criminal history, | |
| History of arrests, No. (%) | 31 (57.4) |
| No. of arrests, mean (SD) | 6.74 (7.1) |
| Previous conviction for a crime, No. (%) | 25 (46.3) |
| No. of convictions, mean (SD) | 4.76 (5.0) |
| Pain diagnoses, | |
| Failed back syndrome (other than postlaminectomy), No. (%) | 20 (37) |
| Degeneration of lumbar intervertebral disc with myelopathy, No. (%) | 10 (18.5) |
| Lumbago, No. (%) | 10 (18.5) |
| Degeneration of lumbar or lumbosacral intervertebral disc, No. (%) | 4 (7.4) |
| Displacement of lumbar disc without myelopathy, No. (%) | 3 (5.6) |
| Lumbar spinal stenosis, No. (%) | 2 (3.7) |
| Chronic pain syndrome with significant psychosocial dysfunction, No. (%) | 2 (3.7) |
| Degenerative spondylolysis, No. (%) | 1 (1.9) |
| Degeneration of cervical intervertebral disc with myelopathy, No. (%) | 1 (1.9) |
| Postlaminectomy, No. (%) | 1 (1.9) |
| Age of onset of opioid use, mean (SD) | 29.6 (9.1) |
| Age of onset of opioid problem, mean (SD) | 32.5 (9.0) |
| Prior outpatient and inpatient treatment for addiction, No. (%) | 25 (46.3) |
| Prior treatment for another mental illness, No. (%) | 28 (51.9) |
| Most frequently abused opioid, | |
| Hydrocodone, No. (%) | 32 (59.3) |
| Oxycodone, No. (%) | 8 (14.8) |
| Fentanyl, No. (%) | 5 (9.3) |
| Heroin, No. (%) | 2 (3.7) |
| Morphine, No. (%) | 1 (1.9) |
| Codeine, No. (%) | 1 (1.9) |
| Other, No. (%) | 4 (7.4) |
| Unknown, No. (%) | 1 (1.9) |
| Family history of alcohol or drug use, No. (%) | 31 (57.4) |